Ok so the next writing is on the Bhagavad Gita ( I forgot the page numbers) but scroll to you find where it talks about yoga. Once again you are going to summarize what it is saying and how it differs or compares to other religions on how to meditate. it start from page 54 u can use this website ….. dishq.org i need the essay to be done by mla format at least two or three pages
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mla_guide__2016.pdf
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MLA Style
MLA style calls for (1) brief in-text documentation and (2) complete bibliographic information in a list of works cited at the end of your text. The
models and examples in this chapter draw on the eighth edition of the
MLA Handbook, published by the Modern Language Association in 2016. For
additional information, visit style.mla.org.
A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE
In-Text Documentation
4
1. Author named in a signal phrase 4
2. Author named in parentheses 5
3. Two or more works by the same author 5
4. Authors with the same last name 5
5. Two or more authors 6
6. Organization or government as author 6
7. Author unknown 6
8. Literary works 7
9. Work in an anthology 7
10. Encyclopedia or dictionary 8
11. Legal and historical documents 8
12. Sacred text 8
13. Multivolume work 9
14. Two or more works cited together 9
15. Source quoted in another source 9
16. Work without page numbers 9
17. An entire work or a one-page article 10
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Notes
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List of Works Cited
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11
CORE ELEMENTS
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AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
1. One author
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2. Two authors
14
3. Three or more authors 14
4. Two or more works by the same author 15
5. Author and editor or translator 15
6. No author or editor 15
7. Organization or government as author 16
16
ARTICLES AND OTHER SHORT WORKS
8. Article in a journal 16
9. Article in a magazine 18
10. Article in a newspaper
20
11. Article accessed through a database
12. Entry in a reference work
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13. Editorial 22
14. Letter to the editor
15. Review
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16. Comment on an online article
BOOKS AND PARTS OF BOOKS
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17. Basic entries for a book
18. Anthology
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25
19. Work in an anthology
20. Multivolume work
21. Book in a series
22. Graphic narrative
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23. Sacred text
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24. Edition other than the first
25. Republished work
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26. Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword
27. Published letter
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29
28. Paper at a conference
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29. Dissertation 30
WEBSITES
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30. Entire website
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31. Work on a website
32. Blog entry
33. Wiki
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32
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
32
Personal letter 32
Email 32
Text message 33
Post to an online forum 33
Post to Twitter, Facebook, or other social media 33
AUDIO, VISUAL, AND OTHER SOURCES
39. Advertisement
40. Art
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34
34
41. Cartoon
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42. Supreme Court case
43. Film
44. Interview
45. Map
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46. Musical score
47. Online video
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36
48. Oral presentation
49. Podcast
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50. Radio program
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51. Sound recording
52. TV show
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53. Video game
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Formatting a Research Paper
Sample Research Paper
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40
Throughout this chapter, you’ll find models and examples that are color
coded to help you see how writers include source information in their texts
and in their lists of works cited: tan for author, editor, translator, and other
contributors; yellow for titles; gray for publication information — date of
publication, page number(s) or other location information, and so on.
IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION
Brief documentation in your text makes clear to your reader what you
took from a source and where in the source you found the information.
In your text, you have three options for citing a source: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. As you cite each source, you will need to
decide whether or not to name the author in a signal phrase — “as Toni
Morrison writes” — or in parentheses — “(Morrison 24).”
The first examples below show basic in-text documentation of a work
by one author. Variations on those examples follow. The examples illustrate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works
and italicizing titles of long works.
1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE
If you mention the author in a signal phrase, put only the page number(s)
in parentheses. Do not write page or p.
McCullough describes John Adams’s hands as those of someone used to
manual labor (18).
author
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2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES
If you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, put his or her last
name in parentheses along with the page number(s). Do not use punctuation between the name and the page number(s).
Adams is said to have had “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning
his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood”
(McCullough 18).
Whether you use a signal phrase and parentheses or parentheses only, try
to put the parenthetical documentation at the end of the sentence or as
close as possible to the material you’ve cited — without awkwardly interrupting the sentence. Notice that in the example above, the parenthetical
reference comes after the closing quotation marks but before the period
at the end of the sentence.
3. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
If you cite multiple works by one author, include the title of the work you
are citing either in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Give the full title
if it’s brief; otherwise, give a short version.
Kaplan insists that understanding power in the Near East requires
“Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without
d 330).
illusions” (Eastward
Put a comma between author and title if both are in the parentheses.
Understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who
know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Kaplan,
Eastward
d 330).
4. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME
Give the author’s first and last names in any signal phrase, or add the
author’s first initial in the parenthetical reference.
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Imaginative applies not only to modern literature but also to writing of
all periods, whereas magical is often used in writing about Arthurian
romances (A. Wilson 25).
5. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS
For a work with two authors, name both, either in a signal phrase or in
parentheses.
Carlson and Ventura’s stated goal is to introduce Julio Cortázar,
Marjorie Agosín, and other Latin American writers to an audience of
English-speaking adolescents (v).
For a work by three or more authors, name the first author followed by et al.
One popular survey of American literature breaks the contents into
sixteen thematic groupings (Anderson et al. A19-24).
6. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR
Acknowledge the organization either in a signal phrase or in parentheses.
It’s acceptable to shorten long names.
The US government can be direct when it wants to be. For example, it
sternly warns, “If you are overpaid, we will recover any payments not
due you” (Social Security Administration 12).
7. AUTHOR UNKNOWN
If you don’t know the author, use the work’s title or a shortened version
of the title in the parenthetical reference.
A powerful editorial in last week’s paper asserts that healthy liver donor
Mike Hurewitz died because of “frightening” faulty postoperative care
(“Every Patient’s Nightmare”).
author
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8. LITERARY WORKS
When referring to literary works that are available in many different editions, give the page numbers from the edition you are using, followed by
information that will let readers of any edition locate the text you are citing.
NOVELS. Give the page and chapter number, separated by a semicolon.
In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet shows no warmth toward Jane and
Elizabeth when they return from Netherfield (105; ch. 12).
VERSE PLAYS. Give act, scene, and line numbers, separated with periods.
Macbeth continues the vision theme when he says, “Thou hast no
speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with” (3.3.96-97).
POEMS. Give the part and the line numbers (separated by periods). If a poem
has only line numbers, use the word line(s) only in the first reference.
Whitman sets up not only opposing adjectives but also opposing nouns
in “Song of Myself” when he says, “I am of old and young, of the foolish
as much as the wise, / . . . a child as well as a man” (16.330-32).
One description of the mere in Beowulff is “not a pleasant place” (line
1372). Later, it is labeled “the awful place” (1378).
9. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY
Name the author(s) of the work, not the editor of the anthology — either
in a signal phrase or in parentheses.
“It is the teapots that truly shock,” according to Cynthia Ozick in her
essay on teapots as metaphor (70).
In In Short: A Collection of Creative Nonfiction, readers will find both an
essay on Scottish tea (Hiestand) and a piece on teapots as metaphors (Ozick).
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MLA Style
10. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY
Acknowledge an entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary by giving the
author’s name, if available. For an entry without an author, give the entry’s
title in parentheses. If entries are arranged alphabetically, no page number
is needed.
According to Funk & Wagnall’s New World Encyclopedia, early in his
career Kubrick’s main source of income came from “hustling chess
games in Washington Square Park” (“Kubrick, Stanley”).
11. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
For legal cases and acts of law, name the case or act in a signal phrase or
in parentheses. Italicize the name of a legal case.
In 2005, the Supreme Court confirmed in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster,
Ltd. that peer-to-peer file sharing is copyright infringement.
Do not italicize the titles of laws, acts, or well-known historical documents
such as the Declaration of Independence. Give the title and any relevant
articles and sections in parentheses. It’s fine to use common abbreviations
such as art. or sec. and to abbreviate well-known titles.
The president is also granted the right to make recess appointments
(US Const., art. 2, sec. 2).
12. SACRED TEXT
When citing a sacred text such as the Bible or the Qur’an for the first time,
give the title of the edition, and in parentheses give the book, chapter, and
verse (or their equivalent), separated by periods. MLA recommends abbreviating the names of the books of the Bible in parenthetical references. Later
citations from the same edition do not have to repeat its title.
The wording from The New English Bible follows: “In the beginning of
creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form
and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind
that swept over the surface of the waters” (Gen. 1.1-2).
author
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13. MULTIVOLUME WORK
If you cite more than one volume of a multivolume work, each time you
cite one of the volumes, give the volume and the page number(s) in parentheses, separated by a colon and a space.
Sandburg concludes with the following sentence about those paying last
respects to Lincoln: “All day long and through the night the unbroken
line moved, the home town having its farewell” (4: 413).
If your works cited list includes only a single volume of a multivolume
work, give just the page number in parentheses.
14. TWO OR MORE WORKS CITED TOGETHER
If you’re citing two or more works closely together, you will sometimes
need to provide a parenthetical reference for each one.
Tanner (7) and Smith (viii) have looked at works from a cultural perspective.
If you include both in the same parentheses, separate the references with
a semicolon.
Critics have looked at both Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein from
a cultural perspective (Tanner 7; Smith viii).
15. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE
When you are quoting text that you found quoted in another source, use
the abbreviation qtd. in in the parenthetical reference.
Charlotte Brontë wrote to G. H. Lewes: “Why do you like Miss Austen so
very much? I am puzzled on that point” (qtd. in Tanner 7).
16. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS
For works without page numbers, including many online sources, identify
the source using the author or other information either in a signal phrase
or in parentheses.
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MLA Style
Studies show that music training helps children to be better at multitasking later in life (”Hearing the Music”).
If the source has chapter, paragraph, or section numbers, use them with
the abbreviations ch., par., or sec.: (“Hearing the Music,” par. 2). Alternatively,
you can refer to a heading on a screen to help readers locate text.
Under the heading “The Impact of the Railroad,” Rawls notes that the
transcontinental railroad was called an iron horse and a greedy octopus.
For an audio or a video recording, give the hours, minutes, and seconds
(separated by colons) as shown on the player: (00:05-08:30).
17. AN ENTIRE WORK OR A ONE-PAGE ARTICLE
If you cite an entire work rather than a part of it, or if you cite a singlepage article, there’s no need to include page numbers.
Throughout life, John Adams strove to succeed (McCullough).
NOTES
Sometimes you may need to give information that doesn’t fit into the text
itself — to thank people who helped you, to provide additional details, to
refer readers to other sources, or to add comments about sources. Such
information can be given in a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or an
endnote (on a separate page with the heading Notes just before your works
cited list). Put a superscript number at the appropriate point in your text,
signaling to readers to look for the note with the corresponding number.
If you have multiple notes, number them consecutively throughout your
paper.
TEXT
This essay will argue that small liberal arts colleges should not recruit
athletes and, more specifically, that giving student athletes preferential
treatment undermines the larger educational goals.1
author
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NOTE
1. I want to thank all those who have contributed to my thinking
on this topic, especially my classmates and my teacher Marian Johnson.
LIST OF WORKS CITED
A works cited list provides full bibliographic information for every source
cited in your text. See page 40 for guidelines on formatting this list and
page 48 for a sample works cited list.
Core Elements
The new MLA style provides a list of “core elements” for documenting
sources, advising writers to list as many of them as possible in the order
that MLA specifies. We’ve used these general principles to provide templates and examples for documenting 53 kinds of sources college writers
most often need to cite, and the following general guidelines for how to
treat each of the core elements.
AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
•
If there is one author, list the name last name first: Morrison, Toni.
•
If there are two authors, list the first author last name first and the
second one first name first: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Put their
names in the order given in the work.
•
If there are three or more authors, give the first author’s name followed
by et al.: Rose, Mike, et al.
•
Include any middle names or initials: Heath, Shirley Brice; Toklas, Alice B.
•
If you’re citing an editor, translator, or others who are not authors,
specify their role. For works with multiple contributors, put the one
whose work you wish to highlight before the title, and list any others
you want to mention after the title. For contributors named before
the title, put the label after the name: Fincher, David, director. For
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MLA Style
those named after the title, specify their role first: directed by David
Fincher.
TITLES
•
Include any subtitles and capitalize all the words in titles and subtitles
except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (to, at, from, and so on), and
coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, yet) — unless they are
the first or last word of a title or subtitle.
•
Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, and other long whole works
(Pride and Prejudice, Wired), even if they are part of a larger work.
•
Enclose in quotation marks the titles of short works and sources that
are part of larger works: “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”
•
To document a source that has no title, describe it without italics or
quotation marks: Letter to the author, Review of doo wop concert.
PUBLICATION INFORMATION
•
Write publishers’ names in full, but omit words like Company or Inc.
•
For university presses, use U for “University” and P for “Press”:
Princeton UP, U of California P.
DATES
•
Whether to give just the year or to include the month and day depends
on the source. Give the full date that you find there.
•
For books, give the year of publication: 1948. If a book lists more than
one date, use the most recent one.
•
Periodicals may be published annually, monthly, seasonally, weekly,
or daily. Give the full date that you find in the periodical: 2011, Apr.
2011, Spring 2011, 16 Apr. 2011.
•
Abbreviate the months except for May, June, and July: Jan., Feb., Mar.,
Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
•
Because online sources often change or even disappear, provide the
date on which you accessed them: Accessed 6 June 2015.
author
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•
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If an online source includes the time when it was posted or modified,
include the time along with the date: 18 Oct. 2005, 9:20 a.m.
LOCATION
•
For most print articles and other short works, help readers locate the
source by giving a page number or range of pages: p. 24, pp. 24-35. For
those that are not on consecutive pages, give the first page number
with a plus sign: pp. 24+.
•
For online sources, give the URL, omitting http:// or https://. If a source
has a permalink, give that.
•
For sources found in a database, give the DOI for any that have one.
Otherwise, give the URL.
•
For physical objects that you find in a museum, archive, or some other
place, give the name of the place and its city: Menil Collection, Houston.
Omit the city if it’s part of the place’s name: Boston Public Library.
•
For performances or other live presentations, name the venue and its
city: Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles. Omit the city if it’s part of the
place’s name: Berkeley Repertory Theatre.
PUNCTUATION
•
Use a period after the author name(s) that start an entry (Morrison,
Toni.) and the title of the source you’re documenting (Beloved.)
•
Use a comma between the author’s last and first names: Morrison, Toni.
•
Sometimes you’ll need to provide information about more than one
work for a single source — for instance, when you cite an article from
a periodical that you access through a database. MLA refers to the
periodical and database (or any other entity that holds a source) as
“containers.” Use commas between elements within each container
and put a period at the end of each container. For example:
Semuels, Alana. “The Future Will Be Quiet.” The Atlantic, Apr. 2016,
pp. 19-20. ProQuest, search.proquest.com/docview/
1777443553?accountid+42654. Accessed 5 Apr. 2016.
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MLA Style
The guidelines below should help you document kinds of sources
you’re likely to use. The first section shows how to acknowledge authors
and other contributors and applies to all kinds of sources — print, online,
or others. Later sections show how to treat titles, publication information,
location, and access information for many specific kinds of sources. In
general, provide as much information as possible for each source — enough
to tell readers how to find a source if they wish to access it themselves.
Author …
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