Topic: Ethical Conduct of Research· Select a healthcare related scholarly research study. (Attached the research article)· Identify the sample population. . Use minimum 5 references less than 5 years old· Analyze and critique the study to identify if sampling method reflects, ethical principles including consent, conditions of the participants, IRB approval process · Minimum 20 pages excluding title and reference page· APA format (Must be the most important part) See attachment about APA citation
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Critique of
Childhood Obesity
Article
MIAMI REGIONAL UNIVERSITY
ARTICLE
Practice Problem
❖Most children and adolescents have become obese due to
adoption of unpleasant life styles in form of consuming
unhealthy food and failing to engage in physical exercises.
❖Doing away with childhood obesity is a major concern which
require to be addressed in order to bring about healthy living
standards to the children in grades 3-12.
Effect of this issue in Nursing
Practice
❖It will be a guiding factor which is crucial in managing the
weight issue in patients, how it can affect them, and aid in
offering the management advice to the patients who are
obese.
❖The issue presented will offer clear interventions of promoting
weight loss that is required in promoting good health for a
specified population.
Purpose of the Study
❖The purpose of the study was to find the appropriate
solutions which can help in addressing the issue of childhood
obesity in the western area of New York where it perceives
that the increased rates of childhood obesity can be
addressed though interventions which are school-based.
Stating of Research Question
❖The research question is clearly stated.
❖States; in the children in grades 3-12 (P), what is the effect of
school-based intervention(I) on a reduction in childhood
obesity’s incidence(O) compared with absence of intervention
(C) within three years period (T)?
❖Research question matches clearly with the whole study.
Research Hypothesis
❖Hypothesis is clearly stated.
❖The research hypothesis for the study is, school-based
interventions helps in improving health where they help in
reducing childhood obesity.
❖The second hypothesis; nutritional and physical activity
changes were ultimately correlated with improved status of
weight amongst the school children.
Null Hypothesis to be
Formulated
• Childhood obesity does not ultimately increase the likelihood
and probability of becoming obese as an adult in the white
males.
The Target Population
❖The target population was all students who were in grades 312 who were present in the schools during the days at which
the data was being collected where approximately 4,000
students were targeted both female and male.
❖Included children and adolescents who were in elementary,
middle and high school.
❖Excluded elderly people together with students who were in
colleges and universities.
Sample Size
❖The sample size comprised of 2,259 children where 1,152
were female while male comprised of 1,107. The sample size
was determined through evaluating the population size of
4,000 students and getting exact number of the students who
were present during collection of data where the evaluators
obtained approval from Investigation Review Board to analyze
de-identified data of the students attained from school-district
staff. The sample was determined through grouping the three
groups; elementary, middle school, and high school students
to participate in the study depending on their presence during
time of collecting data.
Research Variables
• The research variables include sex, age, attitude and selfimage where the mentioned variables contributed a lot in
determining how physical activity was perceived being one of
the factors which was required to do away with obesity.
Though the overall study’s variables were height and weight.
The weight and height was determined through collecting
weight and the height of the students once in every semester
for the duration of six semesters from the year 2007 to the
year 2010. The variables are described through The tools
which were used to describe the major elements that have
been involved.
Data Collection Procedures
❖The data collection procedures involved the actual act of collecting
weight and height for the students in grades 3 to 12 where their
height and weight were collected once per every semester for the
duration of six semesters from 2007 to 2010. The heights of the
students was measured through the use of calibrated stadiometer
while the weight was measured through the use of calibrated digital
scale while nearing to pound’s tenth. All the inclusive data which
was used in this case was collected by the school personnel while
having some prior training from the evaluators. The school
personnel shared the data which was identified with the identified
evaluators. The evaluators maintained and obtained approval of IRB
from the New York’s State University at Buffalo. The school staff
measured the weight and height for the student twice a year for the
duration of three years.
Data Analysis
❖The analysis procedures for the data were described clearly and the
data was presented logically where descriptive analyses were used.
❖The data analysis in this case involved inferential and descriptive
statistical analyses of BMI percentiles for the students having
endpoint and baseline weight and height measurements having the
sample size of 2259 students. The inferential statistical analyses
used here involved Chi square tests and sample t tests. All the data
was entered into the Microsoft excel and then got imported into
SPSS v. to be analyzed statistically. To add to this, through analyzing
weight status by BMI percentiles, the weight got assessed through
this category.
Data Analysis
❖The data of weight status were analyzed for the entire change
from the start to the endpoint and the results for BMI results
got categorized in accordance with CDC percentiles for the
adolescents and children when determining healthy weight,
obese, overweight, and underweight. The initial descriptive
analyses got completed on 2259 students where the paired
samples tests got compared with BMI percentile and the
results got compared with concurrent-national data. The
assumptions made in this study include; the healthy weight,
obese weight, overweight, and underweight of the students
involved in the study match the percentiles which are laid by
CDC for adolescents and children.
Data Analysis
Data Analysis
Data Analysis
Data Analysis
References
• Cadzow, R. B., Chambers, M. K., & Sandell, A. M. (2015).
School-Based Obesity Intervention Associated with Three Year
Decrease in Student Weight Status in a Low-Income School
District. Journal of Community Health, 40(4), 709-713.
doi:10.1007/s10900-015-9989-0
MSN5250: Statistics for Advanced Nursing Practice
Team: ____________
Critique Worksheet for Group Project Part A
Elements of Critique
Discussion
State the practice problem/issue that is the
The practice issue which is the main focus of
focus of the study. How does this practice
the study is This issue appears to be a guiding
problem/issue affect your nursing practice?
factor to my nursing practice where it will help
in establishing various ways through which I
can ultimately discuss with the patients
regarding the importance of maintaining the
required weight and doing away with excess
weight which can lead to obesity and thus
affecting the health standards of the individuals
who are obese. It will be a guiding factor
which is crucial in managing the weight issue
in patients, how it can affect them, and aid in
offering the management advice to the patients
who are obese. The issue presented will offer
clear interventions of promoting weight loss
that is required in promoting good health for a
specified population.
In your own words, state the purpose of the
The purpose of the study was to find the
study
appropriate solutions which can help in
addressing the issue of childhood obesity in the
western area of New York where it perceives
that the increased rates of childhood obesity
can be addressed though interventions which
are school-based.
Is the research question clearly stated? What is
Yes it is stated clearly. The research question
the research question? Does it match the
is, in the children in grades 3-12 (P), what is
purpose of the study
the effect of school-based intervention(I) on a
reduction in childhood obesity’s incidence(O)
compared with absence of intervention (C)
within three years period (T)? Yes this research
question clearly matches with the whole study
because it has acted a clear guidance of the
entire study which focused on answering the
outlined question.
Is the research hypothesis clearly stated? What
Yes, the research hypothesis is clearly stated.
is the research hypothesis? Does the hypothesis The research hypothesis for the study is
reflect the purpose of the study?
school-based interventions helps in improving
Formulate a null hypothesis for this study
health where they help in reducing childhood
obesity.
The other hypothesis states that, nutritional and
physical activity changes were ultimately
correlated with improved status of weight
amongst the school children.
The null hypothesis which I can formulate for
this study is; childhood obesity does not
ultimately increase the likelihood and
probability of becoming obese as an adult in
the white males.
Who is identified as the target population?
The target population was all students who
How were the subjects chosen (e.g., randomly,
were in grades 3-12 who were present in the
conveniently)?
schools during the days at which the data was
Who is included (e.g., males, females, children, being collected where approximately 4,000
adults)? Who is excluded (e.g., elderly,
students were targeted both female and male.
pregnant women, minorities)? How large is the
Generally, the study targeted students in grades
sample? How was sample size determined?
3 to 12. The study included children and
adolescents who were in elementary, middle
and high school and excluded elderly people
together with students who were in colleges
and universities. This implicates that adults and
individuals who were past high school
education were excluded together with children
who had not joined elementary school. The
sample size comprised of 2,259 children where
1,152 were female while male comprised of
1,107. The sample size was determined
through evaluating the population size of 4,000
students and getting exact number of the
students who were present during collection of
data where the evaluators obtained approval
from Investigation Review Board to analyze
de-identified data of the students attained from
school-district staff. The sample was
determined through grouping the three groups;
elementary, middle school, and high school
students to participate in the study depending
on their presence during time of collecting
data.
List the research variables. How are the
The research variables include sex, age,
variables described? What instruments or tools
attitude and self-image where the mentioned
were used to collect data? Are the instruments
variables contributed a lot in determining how
sufficient for measuring the study variables?
physical activity was perceived being one of
How is this assessed? Are the instruments valid the factors which was required to do away with
and reliable? Are the instruments adequately
obesity. Though the overall study’s variables
described for you to understand what the score
were height and weight. The weight and height
means?
was determined through collecting weight and
the height of the students once in every
semester for the duration of six semesters from
the year 2007 to the year 2010. The variables
are described through The tools which were
used to
State the data collection procedures. How often
The data collection procedures involved the
was data collected and for how long?
actual act of collecting weight and height for
the students in grades 3 to 12 where their
height and weight were collected once per
every semester for the duration of six
semesters from 2007 to 2010. The heights of
the students was measured through the use of
calibrated stadiometer while the weight was
measured through the use of calibrated digital
scale while nearing to pound’s tenth. All the
inclusive data which was used in this case was
collected by the school personnel while having
some prior training from the evaluators. The
school personnel shared the data which was
identified with the identified evaluators. The
evaluators maintained and obtained approval of
IRB from the New York’s State University at
Buffalo. The school staff measured the weight
and height for the student twice a year for the
duration of three years.
Were data analysis procedures clearly
Yes, the analysis procedures for the data were
described? Were data logically
described clearly and the data was presented
organized/presented in tables, graphs and/or
logically where descriptive analyses were used.
charts? Describe. What statistical tests were
The data analysis in this case involved
used to analyze data? What assumptions in the
inferential and descriptive statistical analyses
data must be met for the type of statistical tests
of BMI percentiles for the students having
used? Were these assumptions met?
endpoint and baseline weight and height
measurements having the sample size of 2259
students. The inferential statistical analyses
used here involved Chi square tests and sample
t tests. All the data was entered into the
Microsoft excel and then got imported into
SPSS v. to be analyzed statistically. To add to
this, through analyzing weight status by BMI
percentiles, the weight got assessed through
this category.
The data of weight status were analyzed for the
entire change from the start to the endpoint and
the results for BMI results got categorized in
accordance with CDC percentiles for the
adolescents and children when determining
healthy weight, obese, overweight, and
underweight. The initial descriptive analyses
got completed on 2259 students where the
paired samples tests got compared with BMI
percentile and the results got compared with
concurrent-national data. The assumptions
made in this study include; the healthy weight,
obese weight, overweight, and underweight of
the students involved in the study match the
percentiles which are laid by CDC for
adolescents and children.
References
Cadzow, R. B., Chambers, M. K., & Sandell, A. M. (2015). School-Based Obesity Intervention
Associated with Three Year Decrease in Student Weight Status in a Low-Income School
District. Journal of Community Health, 40(4), 709-713. doi:10.1007/s10900-015-9989-0
J Community Health (2015) 40:709–713
DOI 10.1007/s10900-015-9989-0
ORIGINAL PAPER
School-Based Obesity Intervention Associated with Three Year
Decrease in Student Weight Status in a Low-Income School
District
Renee B. Cadzow • Meghan K. Chambers
Angela M. D. Sandell
•
Published online: 13 January 2015
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract School-based interventions may be a way to
address increasing rates of childhood obesity. Following an
obesity intervention implemented by a low-income school
district we found evidence of weight status change among
district students. The school district served 5,000 children in
Western New York at that time and approximately 4,000
students were in the target group (grades 3–12). The district
allocated federal grant funds to implement changes to
physical education equipment and curriculum, health education curriculum, and school food and to offer afterschool
access to equipment and activities. As part of the grant
reporting requirements, school staff measured student height
and weight twice yearly for three years. We were subcontracted as evaluators for this grant and district staff shared
this de-identified data with us for assistance with grant
reporting. We obtained IRB approval from SUNY at Buffalo
for analysis and publication of the data. Data analysis
involved longitudinal descriptive and inferential (pairedsamples t tests, Chi square tests) statistical analyses of Body
Mass Index (BMI) percentiles of students with baseline and
endpoint height and weight measurements (n = 2,259).
Overall the mean BMI percentile of students decreased
R. B. Cadzow M. K. Chambers
Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Research
Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY,
USA
R. B. Cadzow (&)
Health Services Administration, Center for Research on Physical
Activity, Sport & Health (CRPASH), D’Youville College, 320
Porter Avenue KAB 441, Buffalo, NY 14201, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
A. M. D. Sandell
Medical Resident, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
significantly from 70.4 to 65.7 % (p 0.001). This exceeds
the change in BMI percentile seen at the national level. There
was a significant decrease in the proportion of students categorized as overweight or obese (p 0.001). Conclusions
are limited due to the lack of a control population however
they indicate that a three year multilevel school-based
intervention involving physical activity and nutritional
changes was correlated with improved weight status among
participating school children.
Keywords Body Mass Index Body weight Obesity
Schools Physical education and training Children
Adolescents
Introduction
School-based interventions to improve health have been
shown to decrease intake of non-nutritional foods, increase
student physical activity and educate students about healthy food choices but relatively few have shown long-term
decrease in weight status [1–3].
The national average for overweight and obese among
school-age children in 2007 was 16.0–18.7 %, respectively
[4]. In Lockport, NY, the location of the study school
district, 21.4 % of students were obese at study start.
Between 2007 and 2010 the district used U.S. Department
of Education Carol M. White Physical Education Program
Grant (PEP) funds to implement changes to physical education equipment and curriculum and offered access to
equipment and activities outside of school hours. There
were also changes to school food and health education
curriculum. Evaluation of the effect of these changes
included twice yearly student height and weight
measurements.
123
710
J Community Health (2015) 40:709–713
The city of Lockport has a population of just under
21,000 people with a median income just over $35,000
annually, which is lower than the state median, and an
unemployment rate of 8.3 % which is higher than the rate
for New York State (Table 1). Over 84 % of the population
has at least a high school education.
In the Lockport City School District, only 1 % of the
general school budget was allocated to the physical education program and per-pupil spending for the program was
significantly lower than neighboring districts. Additionally,
39 % of the student population was eligible for the subsidized lunch program, indicating a high rate of low-income
families. The community around the district was struggling
due to the downsizing of the area’s major industry, General
Motor’s Delphi Thermal Systems. The district also
acknowledged that there was an absence of appropriate
fitness technology and data collection systems to develop
student personal fitness plans and there was a lack of nontraditional motivating alternative equipment and aligned
curriculum that supported state physical education standards. The physical education standards for New York
State are as follows: students will have the necessary
knowledge and skills to establish and maintain physical
fitness, participate in physical activity, and maintain health
(Standard 1). They will acquire the knowledge and ability
necessary to create and maintain a safe and healthy environment (Standard 2) and they will understand and be able
to manage their personal and community resources (Standard 3) [5].
District level program leaders included the Director of
Health, Physical Education and Athletics, the Director of
Research and Development, and the Director of Assessment and Technology. These leaders also coordinated
efforts with the Director of School Health Services. These
district staff coordinate …
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