THIS IS NOT HARD TO DOOOO I JUST DONT HAVE THE TIMEE!!!Find a lab report related to your particular field and evaluate each of the eight sections we discussed in class. Then write an argumentative essay explaining why you think each section is effective or ineffective and whether you think the report is persuasive of its main argument overall. If the report includes additional sections, discuss those as well. Try not choose a report that does not include the eight sections covered in the textbook (title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and references). Some disciplines are tending toward combining the results, discussion, and conclusion sections. If that’s true for your discipline, you can use one of those reports, but you must discuss how you think combining those sections improves or detracts from the report. As an alternative, you can choose two lab reports that evaluate a similar hypothesis and compare and contrast each of the eight sections of the two reports and explain why and how one report is more effective than the other. Whether you focus on one lab report or two, your essay should include an introduction with a clear thesis statement, body paragraphs explaining specifically why you think each section of the lab report is effective or ineffective or how each section of one report is more effective than the other, and a conclusion. The object of this assignment is to bring an in-depth understanding of the format of the lab report and its real-world applications. Format: Word document 12-point font 1” margins Double-spaced. Minimum length: 650 words USE APA FORMAT PLEASE!!!!!!
lab_report_for_essay.docx
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FROM:
TO:
DATE:
SUBJECT:
Redha Al-Hamoud
XLIX Management Team
November 29, 2013
Electrical Circuit Lab Report
The purpose of this project was to practice the engineering design process in designing a simple electrical
circuit with limitations and requirements. This project objective included completing calculations using
Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, and Kirchhoff’s Current Law. It also included building an
electrical circuit and test it, and finally, documenting all of the work done in a formal laboratory report.
The design process started with writing a problem statement that included all design requirements,
constrains, and assumptions. The next step was to use Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, and
Kirchhoff’s Current Law to solve and calculate what the resistors needed to complete this circuit
successfully. After choosing the right resistors, the circuit was then constructed.
The project was completed successfully as the experimental values of the nodes were about ± 5% of the
theoretical values. The goals of this project were reached and improved the understanding of the design
process and electrical circuits.
Redha Al-Hamoud
2
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PROJECT
Prepared for:
ENGR 1201-013
Prepared by:
Redha Al-Hamoud
Date Submitted:
11/29/13
I have neither given nor received any unauthorized help on this assignment, nor witnessed any violation
of the UNC Charlotte Code of Academic Integrity.
Redha Al-Hamoud
November 29, 2013
3
Summary
One of the objectives of designing an electrical circuit was to practice the engineering design
process. Practicing Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, and Kirchhoff’s Current Law was also a main
propose of this project. Another goal was to test the electrical circuit designed to make sure that the
product has met all the requirements.
The project began by assigning each participant with a sheet that contained the voltages at each
node, the current, and the source voltage value. Each participant was also provided with a breadboard and
25 resistors that had ± 5% tolerance. In this project, an electrical circuit must be designed and built. An 18
V DC power source was used to power this circuit with a current of 0.0011 amperes. One of the
conditions of making this circuit was to use a minimum of one parallel resistor configuration in the
design.
Research was done regarding electrical circuits, voltage dividers, Ohm’s Law, and Krichhoff’s
Voltage and Current Laws. It was found that Ohm’s law is a law that explains how current, resistance,
and voltage are linked together as the electrical current value in the unit of amperes is proportional to the
voltage, but inversely proportional to the resistance.
Engineering calculations were made using Ohm’s law to find the resistance needed for each node.
Then, multiple combinations were tested until a combination that was equivalent to the required
resistance was found. The circuit was then constructed using the breadboard and the resistors provided. It
was tested several days before the test day to insure that the nodes values in volts were equivalent or
extremely close to the theoretical values obtained from calculations. On test day, the electrical circuit was
tested. The actual values were very close to the theoretical values. Since the maximum percent difference
was -0.80%, the product was considered successful.
4
Introduction
A particular electrical circuit must be designed and created with some limitations. To power this
circuit, an 18 V DC source will be used with a current of 0.0011 amperes. The circuit will include five
dissimilar resistors; an equal resistance must be developed by placing resistors in series, parallel, or both.
However, a minimum of one parallel resistor configuration must exist in the design. In this project,
resistors with ± 5% tolerance will be used. The voltage must be 16.427 V at Node 1, 8.741 V at Node 2,
5.111 V at Node 3, 0.271 V at Node 4, and 0 V at Node 5. Each participant will be provided with a bread
board, four wires, and five each of 220 Ω resistors, 330 Ω resistors, 2200 Ω resistors, 3300 Ω, and 10,000
Ω resistors.
Figure 1. The Required Electrical Circuit Design.
5
Background Information
•
An electrical circuit is a closed a circle which is activated by a power source. To power an object,
the electricity travels through the circuit and return to the power source, which keeps the current
flowing from the positive terminal to the negative terminal. The load is the object which consumes
the moving energy and transform it to work. For example, a light bulb would convert the electricity
to heat and light (Partington).
•
There are three forms of circuits that could be used: the series circuit, the parallel circuit, and the
series-parallel circuit. In a series circuit, there would only be one way for the energy to flow,
whereas the parallel series includes more than one path for the travelling electricity. This is an
important factor because when a series circuit is broken, all of the load devices will not function.
However, when using a parallel circuit, if one path could not be used, the other paths will still be
operating (Partington).
•
Voltage dividers are one of the widely used basic circuits, and they could be defined as the circuits
that turn a high voltage into a low one. An output voltage that is smaller than the input can be built
using two series resistors and an input voltage (“Voltage Dividers”).
•
George Simon Ohm was a professor in Germany in the early 1800s. He documented his findings in
a book, which was rejected at first, but recognized and accepted later, which led to the creation of
the Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law is a law that demonstrates the way a simple electricity circuit function.
This law proves how current, resistance, and voltage are related when used in circuits. The law says
that the electrical current value in the unit of amperes is proportional to the voltage, but inversely
proportional to the resistance. The mathematical formula for this law is: = , where I is the
current in amperes, V is the voltage measured in volts, and R is the resistance measured in ohms
(Uy).
•
The resistor is one of the essential parts of an electrical circuit; it is mainly used to make and keep
safe currents in electrical components. Resistors work to resist the current flowing inside the circuit,
and they are designed to drop the voltage as the current flows through the circuit. The resistance
value could differ between resistors depending on the material used in creating them. For example,
to receive higher power levels, a wirewound resistor would be used, which is made out of metal
wire and plastic or fiberglass tubing. To create a resistor that is useful in a high temperature
environment, cermet, or tantalum would be the correct choices because they are known to absorb
heat (Dellaporta).
Formulas Used:
•
( ) = ( ) × (Ω)
•
When resistors are in series: = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯
•
When resistors are in parallel:
•
% Difference =
1
− ℎ
ℎ
1
1
1
= + + +⋯
1
2
× 100%
2
6
Methods and Procedures
1. Each participant was assigned with a specific required circuit to design. The current and voltage
were included as a constant.
2. Each participant was provided with a breadboard four wires, and five each of 220 Ω resistors, 330
Ω resistors, 2200 Ω resistors, 3300 Ω, and 10,000 Ω resistors.
3. Design Package process began.
a) Problem statement was identified and written.
b) Research for related theories and background information was completed.
4. Engineering calculations began.
a) ΔV values between the nodes were calculated.
b) Req was calculated for each combination.
c) Resistance needed was obtained.
d) Selecting the best resistance combination between the offered resistors was done.
5. A sketch of the final circuit was made.
6. Construction of the circuit was done following the sketched design.
7. The circuit was tested prior to the test day to insure it was working under the requirements.
8. The circuit was tested on the test day and passed successfully.
9. A formal laboratory report was prepared which documented the details of the project entirely.
Figure 2. The Final Circuit Design.
7
Sample Calculations
( )
( )
1.573
0.0011
•
( ) =
•
Resistors in parallel:
•
Resistors in series: 1 + 2 = 1320 + 110 = 1430
•
% Difference =
=
1
1
=
= 1430
1
2200
16.40 −16.427
16.427
+
1
3300
=
1
1320
⟹ 1 = 1320
× 100% = −0.16%
Observation and Results
After testing the electrical circuit, the experimental values were found to be very close to the
theoretical values. Since the values were within ±5% of the theoretical values, the project was considered
successfully completed. Table 1 below shows all the values with the calculated percent differences.
Table 1: The theoretical and experimental values of the nodes:
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Theoretical
16.427 V
8.741 V
5.111 V
0.271 V
0V
Experimental
16.40 V
8.75 V
5.07 V
0.27 V
0V
Figure 3. The Percent Differences at Each Node.
% Difference
-0.16 %
0.10 %
-0.80 %
-0.37 %
0%
8
Discussion
The experimental values obtained after the test were very near to the theoretical values found from the
engineering calculations. The percent differences were quite low and reasonable. The differences in the
values were most probably due to the material used in constructing the electrical circuit. One factor might
be the resistors used. Resistors may sometimes not function properly due to manufacturing errors. Also
being limited to using specific resistors was a main factor. The results obtained means that designing an
electrical circuit needs to be done by following the engineering design process. This is important because
once these steps are followed, percentage of failing the project would be relatively low. Overall, the
project was considered successful because the differences in values did not exceed ± 5%.
Conclusion
Due to following the design process steps, the project was effectively accomplished. Defining the
problem was done by writing a problem statement, which included the design requirements, constrains,
and assumptions. Information was gathered by researching and reading about related theories. After that,
multiple combinations of resistors were selected depending on the resistance needed for each node.
Finally, the circuit was tested prior to and on test day, and it met all the requirements.
9
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dellaporta, J. “What is a Resistor?.” wiseGEEK. . http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-resistor.htm
(accessed November 17, 2013).
Partington, Rebecca. “What Is an Electrical Circuit?” wiseGEEK. . http://www.wisegeek.org/whatis-an-electrical-circuit.htm (accessed November 17, 2013).
Uy, Karize. “What is Ohm’s Law?.” wiseGEEK. . http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ohmslaw.htm (accessed November 17, 2013).
“Voltage Dividers.” Sparkfun. . https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividers/introduction
(accessed November 17, 2013).
10
Appendix
Formulas Used:
•
( ) = ( ) × (Ω)
•
When resistors are in series: = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯
•
When resistors are in parallel:
•
% Difference =
1
− ℎ
ℎ
1
1
1
= + + +⋯
1
2
2
× 100%
Resistor Combination 1:
= − 1 = 18 − 16.427 = 1.573
=
1
1
1
2
( )
1.573
=
= 1430
( )
0.0011
=
1
1
1
+
=
⟹ 1 = 1320
2200 3300 1320
=
1
1
1
+
=
⟹ 2 = 110
220 220 110
1 + 2 = 1320 + 110 = 1430 =
Resistors used:
1 × (3300 )
1 × (2200 )
2 × (220 )
Node 1 % Difference =
16.40 − 16.427
× 100% = −0.16%
16.427
Resistor Combination 2:
= 1 − 2 = 16.427 − 8.741 = 7.686
=
( )
7.686
=
= 6987.27
( )
0.0011
1 = 3300 + 3300 = 6600
1
2
=
1
1
23
1
+
=
⟹ 2 = 23 = 286.96
2200 330 6600
6600
11
1 + 2 = 6600 + 286.96 = 6886.96 ≈
Resistors used:
2 × (3300 )
1 × (2200 )
1 × (330 )
Node 2 % Difference =
8.741 − 8.75
× 100% = 0.10%
8.741
Resistor Combination 3:
= 2 − 3 = 8.741 − 5.111 = 3.63
=
( )
3.63
=
= 3300
( )
0.0011
Resistors used:
1 × (3300 )
Node 3 % Difference =
5.07 − 5.111
× 100% = −0.80%
5.111
Resistor Combination 4:
= 3 − 4 = 5.111 − 0.271 = 4.84
=
( )
4.84
=
= 4400
( )
0.0011
1 = 2200 + 2200 = 4400 =
Resistors used:
2 × (2200 )
Node 4 % Difference =
0.27 − 0.271
× 100% = −0.37%
0.271
Resistor Combination 5:
= 4 − 5 = 0.271 − 0 = 0.271
=
1
1
( )
0.271
=
= 246.36
( )
0.0011
=
1
1
1
+
=
⟹ 1 = 132
220 330 132
12
1
2
=
1
1
1
+
=
⟹ 2 = 110
220 220 110
1 + 2 = 132 + 110 = 242 ≈
Resistors used:
3 × (220 )
1 × (330 )
Node 5 % Difference = 0 × 100% = 0%
…
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