Assignment ContentResource : Vera Bradley Case Entrepreneurial Process Review Grading GuideReview the Vera Bradley Case Study at the end of Chapter 2.Compose a minimum of 1,400 words in which you discuss the Vera Bradley Case Study.Examine what resources were critical to getting the company off the ground.Elaborate on what conclusions you can draw about the market research and the level of analysis and planning employed by Barb and Pat.Explain your opinion of the company’s sales and distribution strategy, and its production strategy. Identify feasible alternatives to these, given Vera Bradley’s resources.Explain your opinion of Vera Bradley’s initial focus on middle-aged and older women and whether this decision will lock it out of expansion to a younger demographic market.Discuss your opinion of whether Barb and Pat’s focus on company culture is advisable during this early stage of company development and growth. Examine what would happen to the sustainability of that culture if and when the company experiences major growth. Cite a minimum of 1 peer reviewed reference from the University of Phoenix Library and a minimum of 1 reference from Chapter 2 of Entrepreneurship.Format assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
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CASE: VERA BRADLEY
Fort Wayne, Indiana Barbara Baekgaard and Pat Miller sat at a small table covered with many
swatches of brightly colored fabrics being considered for the next product launch. The cottage
industry business they had founded several years earlier had taken on a life of its own. From
humble beginnings in the basement of Barb’s home, they had proven both the feasibility and
value of the market for attractive ladies’ handbags and luggage. But as sales grew, so did issues
with production capacity and quality to name a few. The two pondered the future. What financial
resources and human resources would they need to scale up to the next level? How would growth
affect the friendly, fun culture they had worked so hard to create?
Origins
Barbara Baekgaard was wrist deep in wallpaper glue one day in 1981 when the doorbell rang.
Who could it be? She had only recently moved into her new home in the Wildwood Park
neighborhood of Fort Wayne, Indiana. At the door were Patricia (Pat) Miller and her 5-year-old
son, Jay. Pat had stopped in to welcome Barb and her family to the neighborhood. As Pat recalls:
I was the welcoming committee of one, and Barb answered the door. If you know anything
about Barb, you’ll know that she was redecorating—taking wall paper down and putting her
own stamp on the house. She asked me if I knew how to hang wallpaper, and I said, no, and
she asked, ‘How would you like to learn?’ That was the beginning of our first business, Up Your
Wall, a wallpaper-hanging business.
We were good partners because she remembered every joke she’s ever heard, and I was a
good audience. She also liked to hang wallpaper around windows and doors, the more
complicated stuff, while I enjoyed doing the straight walls.
The two women became fast friends and business partners, hanging wallpaper by day and raising
their families by night. Up Your Wall, however, would be superseded within a year by another,
more promising venture.
In March of 1982, the partners made a trip to Florida to celebrate the birthday of Barb’s father.
While waiting for a connecting flight in Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, they noticed that
many passengers were carrying Land’s End duffle bags and other utilitarian garment bags and
luggage. Barb describes their observation:
While we were waiting for our plane, I looked around and realized that we weren’t the only
women with unattractive luggage. In fact, I didn’t see one woman in the entire airport
carrying anything that would be considered attractive. I knew that there was a look out there
that was cute and trendy, but I didn’t own any of it, probably because it was too expensive and
not functional.
In fact, both Laura Ashley, known for its floral printed fabrics, and Pierre Deux, maker of French
country-style handbags and accessories, targeted the high-end of the market with attractive
products. Pat recalls that their Florida trip included a visit to a Pierre Deux retail store: “We
loved that … it was part of our inspiration. There was nothing like that in this country.”
However, neither of these potential competitors produced a duffle bag suitable for weekend or
air travel. Barb and Pat discussed their luggage dilemma on the trip back to Fort Wayne. “We
liked the shapes of the bags we saw,” recalls Barb, “but not their appearance.” The women
wondered if they could make attractive but functional bags for everyday use and travel at a price
that would appeal to a broader audience.
This case was prepared by Professor Angelo Santinelli and case writer Richard Luecke as a basis
for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an
administrative situation. © Babson College 2010. All rights reserved.
The day after returning to Fort Wayne, Barb and Pat visited Joann Fabrics, a retail chain of fabric
stores, where they purchased material with various patterns, stripes, and colors. They mixed and
matched these in an effort to create a distinctive quilted cotton look of their own.
Once they had the designs they liked and cut out patterns, the team hired a woman who had done
clothing alteration for their other home-based venture, running clothing trunk shows.1 She was
paid for sewing the prototype bags Barb and Pat had designed. These initial prototypes included
a duffle bag suitable for weekend travel, a smaller bag they called the “sport,” and a purse. There
was enough fabric to make a dozen, which they hoped to sell at an upcoming trunk show. Says
Pat:
We needed to do some market research and wanted to be certain that it was unbiased. We
couldn’t let friends who came to the trunk show know that we had developed these
products—they might buy them simply because they were our friends. So, we had to come up
with a brand name that didn’t have either my name or Barb’s name in it. We decided to use
Barb’s mother’s name, Vera Bradley. My mother’s name was Wilma Polito. That name didn’t
have a prayer of sticking as a brand, so we settled on Vera Bradley Designs.
The day of the trunk show was plagued by inclement weather, but attendance was high and the
show was a success. All twelve of the prototype bags sold, and customers were asking for more.
Because the trunk sale attendees were generally middle-aged and older women, the two
entrepreneurs looked for another segment in which to test the appeal of their products. Barbara
had two daughters in college at the time, one at Michigan State and the other at Marymount
College in New York, so they decided to extend their informal market research to college
campuses. Barbara sent several bags to each daughter and asked them to find out what their
friends thought of them. The response from both campuses was extremely enthusiastic.
With affirmation that their bags were potential winners, the ladies set out to purchase more
material and commission the sewing of more bags. Each borrowed $250 from her husband, and
with cash in hand they set off once again to Joann Fabrics.
The Founders
Barbara Baekgaard had attended Marymount College in New York and Barat College in Lake
Forest, Illinois, where she studied sociology. Her father was in the gift candle business and he
often took Barb to gift shows and other industry events. Her mother, after whom the company is
named, had several small cottage businesses of her own. Barbara credits her mother for her work
ethic, as well as her eye for design. “What I knew about business at that time I learned from
them,” she says. “Things like finance were not even in the realm of my knowledge, but I was
doing what I knew best—design.”
Barb’s parents had bequeathed her other important traits: energy and unflappable optimism.
“There are people who think they can, and people who think they can’t. I’m the think you can
type,” she says. “I am shocked when things don’t go right for me. Just shocked.” Her fondest
aphorisms reflect a deeply ingrained optimism: “Often wrong, but never in doubt.” “Good is the
enemy of great—never settle for good.”
Like Barbara, Pat Miller had family members who influenced and shaped her attitudes toward
business and customers. As a young girl she often worked in her grandfather’s grocery store. “I
learned a lot about business from working in that store—inventory control, bookkeeping,
marketing, running the cash register, and dealing with customers,” she says. “I was always in the
store and did a little of everything. And I knew that [in the future] I wanted to be connected with
business.” She followed through on her intentions, earning a BS in business education from
Indiana University, and then teaching business to high school students for six years.
The Early Years
With the success of their prototypes among trunk show attendees and college students, the
founders knew that they were onto something of value. But would their bags appeal to a broader
audience in a retail setting? The annual Chicago Gift Show, a major buyers-meet-sellers event,
was coming up on the calendar in September 1982. It seemed a good place to test their products.
Barbara had attended various gift shows with her father, on behalf of his candle business. The
Chicago Gift Show highlighted gift wares and home furnishings and was primarily attended by
individuals who either owned or sold to gift shops and notions stores. Because handbags and
luggage were not generally thought of as gifts, companies in that industry did not exhibit at the
Chicago event, but favored other venues and trade shows where women’s apparel accessories
were typically featured. The founders, however, decided to try their luck in Chicago, thereby
avoiding more competitive venues where standing out from the crowd would be a struggle. Says
Barb:
I remember calling to rent booth space. They told me that they didn’t have our category of
product at the show and didn’t know where to put us. When we showed up we found our space
in the bowels of McCormick Place, where the show is held. But we took it in stride and set up a
wonderful display of our products, with flowers and pretty fabrics.
During an evening reception for the event’s hundreds of vendors, Barb chanced to meet Will
Little, who ran the show. The two got along very well, and Little asked to see her booth. After
getting a look at how nicely the two newcomers had decorated their exhibit, and its unfavorable
location, Little took it upon himself to have their booth moved to a more strategically placed
space.
The show was a success for the two women, who sold over $10,000 in product. It was then that
they realized two things: They had something potentially big on their hands, and they needed to
purchase much more fabric and outsource the sewing in order to tap that potential. But where
would they get the cash?
Initial Financing
Their question was soon answered—and from an unanticipated source. Shortly after the Chicago
Gift Show, Barb and her husband made a trip to nearby Michigan to visit one of his former work
colleagues. Still bubbling over from her Gift Show success, Barb explained her new business
venture to their host, who listened with interest. Later in the evening, the gentleman asked her to
step into his home office, where he presented her with a check for $2,500 dollars. “I almost fell
over,” Barbara recalls. “He said, ‘I love your enthusiasm. If you are successful, consider this a
loan; if not, it’s a gift.’”
A bank relationship soon followed. Back in Fort Wayne the two founders paid a visit to Franklin
Bank, where they hoped to obtain a $2,000, 90-day loan for fabric purchasing. They walked in
with sample products in hand and asked to see someone about a loan. The receptionist introduced
them to a loan officer who listened with their plans with what both later described as undisguised
condescension. “And where are you going to sell those bags?” he asked with a bemused chuckle.
After a few more questions about the business, the loan officer unenthusiastically described the
bank’s terms and produced the proper documents, which Barb and Pat signed.
As they left the bank, Barb turned to Pat and asked what she thought about their experience with
the loan officer. Pat was blunt and brief: “He didn’t get it at all.” With that, the two made an
about face, marched back into the bank, and demanded that they be assigned to another banker—
someone who understood and believed in their business. The bank introduced them to Robert
Marshall, who would be their banker and friend for many years to come. Marshall took a strong
interest in the venture and would often drop in on their workplace to see how things were
progressing and to offer business advice. When Marshall went to work for another bank, the
Vera Bradley account followed him.
Neither partner had knowledge or experience in financing. Recognizing this weakness, they
turned for help to the local office of SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives)2 and
requested someone with financial expertise. SCORE introduced them to volunteer George Cook,
a retired financial executive. His skills nicely complement those of the two entrepreneurs.
One of Cook’s first initiatives was to show Barb and Pat how to analyze their cost of goods to
ensure that they priced items in a way that would produce a healthy gross margin. He went on to
study their production, distribution, and associated sales and marketing costs to understand what
it would take to make a profit. Cook emphasized the importance of understanding costs and
minimizing expenses in order to make the most of the venture’s limited capital. Under his
guidance, the company established sound bookkeeping and inventory procedures and produced
monthly financial statements and inventory reports in order to control the business.
In the years that followed, the business would need more capital in order to finance its growing
sales. That need would be met first by a cash infusion from the founders who mortgaged their
homes to raise capital, and by a bank line of credit.
Production
Production at the company’s “cottage industry” level involved cutting fabric into patterns,
followed by sewing the cut pieces into finished products—both labor-intensive activities.
Recognizing that their core skills were in design and sales, the partners decided to outsource
sewing to people in the community who did it well. Barb was a good sewer but, as she said, “I
shouldn’t be in the basement sewing. I should be out selling.”
Working out of Barb’s basement, the founders cut fabric, sometimes with the help of their
children. All the materials needed to produce a bag—including zippers, thread, labels, and
instructions—were then packaged into individual kits that freelance sewers would pick up and
later return as finished goods for inspection. Outsourcing of manufacturing continued as
revenues grew. “Our future was sales and design,” Barb asserted many years latter. “We
wouldn’t have been good at manufacturing.”
By 1986 the business had grown to the point that Vera Bradley needed more space. The next
year it constructed a building with more than enough space for its current requirements, leasing
out what it didn’t need.
Brand Image
From the beginning, Vera Bradley bags had a distinctive look: vibrant colors, unusual patterns,
and clever designs. “I’ve always thought that design was the engine that pulled our train,” Pat
likes to say. She and Barb wanted their products to stand out and be identifiable as Vera Bradley,
even when their labels were not visible. With that in mind, every newly introduced product had a
unique design or pattern feature, yet maintained the Vera Bradley “look.” This distinctiveness
reinforced the brand image and kept current customers coming back for more. However, every
change represented a risk of being stuck with unsalable merchandise.
The founders’ concern with the “look” of their products extended to the public’s perceptions of
Vera Bradley, the company. In their view, it was important for the business to look professional
and larger than it actually was in those early days. They did not want customers or suppliers to
think of Vera Bradley as a basement operation. With that in mind, Barbara instructed her
children not to answer the phone during business hours. Meanwhile, Pat, with help from
Barbara’s daughter, Joanie, designed a striking and professional-looking letterhead and business
cards. Joanie also lent her artistic skills the first company catalog (Exhibit 2.1). Product
shipments used new boxes rather than reused boxes and packing material. According to Barb:
We didn’t want people to know that we were working out of the basement. You have to look
as though you are a strong, successful business. So everything sent out had to look as though
we were in the most beautiful corporate setting around, and doing well.
Sales
The 1982 Chicago Gift Show gave the company some exposure to the distribution channel.
Developing relationships and creating a network of repeat customers within that channel would
require much more work. As with other functions of the nascent enterprise, the two founders
began with a do-it-yourself approach. Whenever either of them was out and about they would
look for local gift shops, walk in, introduce themselves and the company, show samples, and ask
for an order. They also recruited friends and family as independent sales representatives: Barb’s
mother, sisters, college friends, friends of friends—they turned to people whom they knew and
liked and asked if they would represent the company’s products in their geographic areas. The
first of these reps was Barb’s college roommate, a resident of upscale Arlington, Virginia. She
enlisted in 1983.
Sales representatives were responsible for developing a customer base of primarily gift stores in
their geographic areas. Reps would take orders, but would not be paid commissions until sold
items were paid for. The reasoning behind this compensation strategy originated in Barb’s earlier
gift trade experience. Many shop owners, she knew, were slow to pay. If reps were paid
only after receivables were collected, they would naturally avoid store owners of dubious
creditworthiness. That strategy also benefited cash flow at a time when cash was scarce.
EXHIBIT 2.1From the first company catalog, circa 1985
Source: The Company with permission.
In a matter of months, Vera Bradley had many independent representatives taking orders from
gift shops in several states. Each rep had a direct or indirect relationship with one or both
founders. And as their numbers grew, so did revenue: from a mere $11,000 dollars in 1982 to
$503,000 dollars in 1985, to $4.8 million in 1990 (Exhibit 2.2). And the business community
took notice. In 1985, Barb and Pat received the national “Entrepreneur of the Year Award” from
Ernst & Young, LLC (see Exhibit 2.3).
Fiscal Yr 1982 4 Fiscal Yr 1985 12 Fiscal Yr 1990 12
months
months
months
Sales
11
503
4,757
Cost of Goods
7
289
2,311
Gross Profit
4
214
2,446
Selling/Admin Expenses
2
178
2,142
Income before other
Inc/(Exp)
2
35
Interest income
23
Miscellaneous
Interest expense
5
(7)
(46)
(7)
(19)
Income before
2
28
distribution
EXHIBIT 2.2 Early revenues and expenses ($000s)
285
State tax expense
Other income/(Expense)
Source: The Company with permission.
EXHIBIT 2.3Barb and Pat’s advice to entrepreneurs
Concentrate on what you do best.
Don’t be satisfied with the status quo—innovate and practice continuous improvement.
Choose the right people to work with: vendors, bankers, and employees.
Networking is important; it’s important when people like you and you like them.
Don’t be afraid to take risks.
Take one day at a time.
Follow your passion and have fun!
Downs and Ups
In the beginning, Barbara and Pat did everything but the sewing themselves—even selling. They
brought in employees only as they needed them. The founders recognized from day one of their
association how their aptitudes and interests overlapped in some areas and complemented in
others. They made the most of this as they divided their labors in managing their growing
enterprise. As COO Jill Nichols, who joined the company as controller in 1989, observed their
roles in those earlier years, “Barb focused on design—the creative side—and sales, while Pat
was more concerned with operations. Pat’s more oriented to processes, and Barb is more into the
creative side.”
Like every enterprise, Vera Bradley experienced a number of setbacks and made its share of
mistakes. Barb and Pat’s natural optimism, however, led them to work through these
stumbles without discouragement. In one case, Pat mistakenly placed an order for hundreds of
20-inch bag zippers when their design called for a 12-inch item. Rather than fight with the
supplier over an exchange—and possibly lose credibility as a buyer—the two women decided to
turn lemons into lemonade: They created a new bag desi …
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