The paper should be own thoughts. At least 7 sources are required in the paper 【5 sources from the readings（Week 1-10) and at least 2 outside sources】. Please read the requirement carefully. And fill out the checklist after finish the paper.
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Is my 50-word argument complete, in bold and at the top of my first page?
Does it answer the question clearly and directly?
Does it have an answer to a ‘how’ or ‘why’ question in it?
Did I delete the grandiose statement about ‘history’, ‘humanity’ etc from my introduction?
Did I delete all the usage of the first person throughout my paper?
Did I double check that all contractions (don’t, won’t, isn’t etc) have been written out in full?
Did I ensure I have five direct citations from the authors with accurate references to where I
found them in the text?
Does each of my paragraphs make a significant point of argument that contributes directly to my
overall answer to the question?
Did I provide a works cited list, including all the required and secondary readings I have used?
Did I put a word count at the end of my paper (excluding citations and your 50 word argument
statement)?
Did I proof-read my paper one last time?
Did I put my name and which paper (RP1, RP2 etc) I have written in the email subject line?
Email Hillary: [email protected] by the deadline? 1 min past is late and is
a “0”.
Did I double check that I saved it as MS Word file, that my email left my outbox and that I will
not get a definite fail because my professor did not receive my paper or could not open it with a
fully functional computer?
I have completed all of the above steps. Signed:……………………………………………………….
Self-Reflection – “The unexamined life is a life not worth living” ~ Socrates
What grade (use the syllabus scheme) would I give this paper? Why?
What would I do differently if writing this paper again? How will I make sure these selfsuggestions are really implemented?
Critical thinking is a focused, open-minded, curious, and evaluative process. It requires you to
seek out new information, think about its legitimacy and relevance and to integrate it into your
own ideas. It requires a commitment to a position based on evidence, but with awareness that
other, potentially equally valid positions exist.
In what ways have your critical thinking skills changed in writing this paper?
Answer the Question: Is violent resistance against a perceived injustice ever justified?
Paper Writing Guide
Cite from five of: Aristotle; Augustine; Aquinas; Salisbury; Magna Carta; Innocent III; Pope Gregory;
Barbarossa; Martin Luther; James I; Coke; Paine; Roosevelt; MLK Jr; any other from reading
Skills: Contextual analysis of historical events; Tracing origins of contemporary structures and
ideas; Empathy;
Key Points to Remember!
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This is a Reading Response paper – it is NOT a summary of your lecture notes. The lectures provide
context and explanation to the philosopher’s ideas or the legal structures in place. They are not YOUR
personal response to the readings you have completed.
Above all else, I want an intelligent answer to the question based on a logical argument grounded in
your readings. Demonstrate to me that you have considered your argumentation critically (i.e. logically and
rationally and how it compares and contrasts with what authors have already written on the topic) and you will
have gone a long way in achieving a good overall mark.
To focus your minds and your papers, I require a 50 word (max) statement of your argument at the top of
your first page. This statement will answer the question and provide the main reason for your answer (e.g.
“The arguments in favor of the Mixed Constitution in the Ancient World are still relevant today because…..”).
This statement should be in bold and separate from the rest of your text at the top of the first page.
Commit to an answer, but be aware of counter arguments and counter evidence. Deal with them in your
paper, but once you have found your answer, defend it.
You must provide direct quotes from at least five of the authors listed for each question. A direct quote
involves taking the words of the author from the text, putting them in quotation marks, integrating them into
your paper in a grammatically correct manner and giving an accurate citation of the direct quote.
Secondary readings are not required. BUT, they will introduce you to better and different interpretations of
the material you are dealing with. The best papers will be written by students who have read beyond the
syllabus and evidenced this reading in their papers.
(Legal) history papers are written in the past tense… “Locke thought…”, not “Locke thinks…”
The word limit is 1200 words – This means no less than 1100 and no more than 1300. Put a word count at
the end of your paper.
Academic work, particularly historical research, should aim for as much objectivity as possible. For this
reason, try to avoid subjective constructions, such as the first person: “I think..”, “My view is…”. (If it helps,
write those things in your first draft and then simply go through and delete them when editing – you’ll see they
add nothing to your paper except extra words!)
Do not use contractions in academic work – don’t, wouldn’t, they’re etc.
For the love of all that is good and gracious in this world, please (nay, double please) DO NOT use the titles
of the readings in your papers! They do nothing for your paper except eat up your word count unnecessarily.
Please do not put them in there.
Finally, go through the checklist on the next page before each paper.
The Basic Structure
All papers should have THREE main sections (using sub-headings to differentiate is fine, but they also take up space
you will find you do not have):
i.
Introduction
Short and sweet! Outline your paper’s argument concisely but clearly. Do not write: “My thesis statement is…”
Integrate it into your overall paragraph – “This paper argues that…”. State how your paper will make this argument
in a logical and clear manner. If I am under ANY doubt at all about what you will be arguing in your paper by the
end of the introduction, then your introduction has failed its purpose.
In addition, if your introduction starts off with any kind of reference to the ‘passage of history’, ‘mankind’, ‘human
civilization’ or any grandiose concept of this ilk, I guarantee in advance I will hate your paper. Here’s what to do:
Write that sentence (probably something like: “Since the beginning of human history, civilization has driven
mankind’s innate urge for social organization…”), finish the rest of your introduction, take your mouse, highlight the
whole paragraph, press delete, think briefly about the horrible comments you would have received on your paper,
then carry on writing.
ii.
Main Body
This is your chance to demonstrate what you have read and the critical approach you have taken to the statements
in it. There are two important points to remember here:
1.
Cite accurately! Please use any recognized citation style of your choosing, but please stick to one style
consistently throughout your work.
2. Do not cite needlessly. Providing lots of quotations is not a way to impress me. I am impressed by
strong argumentation which uses citation only to make a specific point. A good paper will have no room
for unnecessary quotation and factual statements (e.g. dates). If you cannot explain how telling me
Socrates was born in 469BC develops your argument, then it’s unnecessary. Write your papers for a
professor of legal history – this is your audience.
3. The best papers will include outside readings beyond the primary sources. You are not required
to use outside readings, but I have provided many on each topic in the ‘Readings’ folder on Blackboard.
You must cite these accurately.
4. Use of Ibid – If you cite consecutively from the same source or reading, you may substitute the
bibliographical data on all but the first cite with the term “Ibid” (Ibidem is Latin for “the same place”.
You still need a page number. This only works on consecutive citations – if anything comes in between,
you need full data again.
iii. Conclusion
The conclusion is the (first and) last thing I will read of your paper, so MAKE IT COUNT! When writing the
conclusion, take the opportunity to reiterate in highly abbreviated form, the key points, themes or arguments from
the body of your essay that you believe best support the paper’s argument. Avoid introducing new arguments in
the conclusion that you have not supported earlier with evidence; however, you can draw out fresh implications from
previously introduced arguments. Expanding on the general significance of major ideas that your paper has
discussed is often a good way of adding something extra to take away from your work.
What does an ‘A’ for Response Papers look like?
A range
(outstanding)
– Writing: The paper is written lucidly, with a clear structure and few-to-no grammatical and
spelling errors.
– Critical Thinking: Your argument demonstrates critical analysis, reflection on the readings and
integrates your thoughts into a coherent and relevant answer. The result is an original answer to
the question based heavily in the readings.
– Research: You have incorporated secondary readings well and gone beyond the expectations set
in terms of outside sources and literature. You ENGAGE with the secondary readings, agreeing
and disagreeing with their perspectives in a reasonable way based in strong evidence.
B range
Your work is solid and does not have any major shortcomings. Grades will be differentiated
(strong)
depending on:
– Writing: the written style, choice of paper structure, use of appropriate academic terminology,
number of grammatical and syntax errors
– Critical thinking: originality, the quality of the analysis of the readings
– Research: number of secondary readings completed, manner of integration of and engagement
with outside materials is good, but uncritical.
C range
(average)
A C grade means your work has demonstrated some major shortcomings in the one or more of
the three criteria of writing, critical thinking and research.
D and below
(poor)
A grade in this range means the work is unacceptable at this level
Contents
Week 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Defining Critical Thinking …………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Michael W. Austin, Standards of Critical Thinking: Thinking Towards Truth ………………………………7
Week 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Plato, The Apology of Socrates ……………………………………………………………………………………………9
Plato, Crito ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..31
Xenophon, Apology of Socrates …………………………………………………………………………………………43
Plato, The Republic, Book 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………50
Plato, The Republic, Book 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………74
Plato, The Republic, Book 5 …………………………………………………………………………………………….113
Plato, The Republic, Book 7 …………………………………………………………………………………………….116
Week 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150
Aristotle, The Politics, Book 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………….150
Aristotle, The Politics, Book 4 ………………………………………………………………………………………….176
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book 10, Paragraph 9 ………………………………………………………….200
Polybius, The Histories, Book 6, Parts 2-18, Parts 43-57 ………………………………………………………205
James Madison, Federalist 63 …………………………………………………………………………………………..226
John Adams, Defence of the Constitutions, Preface …………………………………………………………….232
Week 4 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
Cicero, On Laws, Book III ………………………………………………………………………………………………245
Cicero, On Duties, Book 2, Parts 19-29 ……………………………………………………………………………..249
Cicero, On the Commonweath, Book 3 …………………………………………………………………………….261
Epicurus, Principle Doctrines …………………………………………………………………………………………..274
Week 5 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 280
Augustine, The Two Cities ………………………………………………………………………………………………280
Tacticus, Germania, first section……………………………………………………………………………………….283
Week 6 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 295
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part, A, Question 2, Article 3 ………………………………295
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Question 91, Articles 1-4 ……………………………………………297
Page 1 of 459
Thomas Aquinas, On Human Law ……………………………………………………………………………………304
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Question 105 ……………………………………………………………311
Thomas Aquinas, On Kingship to the King of Cyprus …………………………………………………………315
Martin Luther King Jr, Letter from a Birmingham Jail ………………………………………………………….338
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers From Prison ………………………………………………………….343
Week 7 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 355
Magna Carta ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….355
Innocent III, Annulling Magna Carta ………………………………………………………………………………..366
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Third Inaugural Address …………………………………………………………..369
Edward Coke, The Second Part of the Institutes …………………………………………………………………372
James I of England, The True Law of Free Monarchies ……………………………………………………….374
Thomas Paine, Of Monarch and Hereditary Succession ……………………………………………………….378
Week 8 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 387
John of Salisbury, Policratus, Book 4 …………………………………………………………………………………387
Gregory VII, Dictatus Papae ……………………………………………………………………………………………425
Frederick Barbarossa, Manifesto……………………………………………………………………………………….426
Concordat of Worms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..428
Martin Luther, 95 Theses ………………………………………………………………………………………………..430
Week 9 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 437
Hugo Grotius, On the Laws of War and Peace, Book 3, Chapter 11 ………………………………………437
Immanuel Kant, Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose, Proposition 5-8 …….445
Week 10………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 452
Immanuel Kant, Practical Reason, from Critique of Pure Reason …………………………………………..452
Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of
Jurisprudence as the Science of Right [1796] ………………………………………………………………..471
Week 11 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 485
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Chapters XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII …………………………………………….485
John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, Chapters 5, 8, 19 …………………………………………….508
Jean Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality ………………………………………………………………….549
Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract ……………………………………………………………………….555
Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women, Chapter 5 ……………………………………561
Week 12………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 577
Jeremy Bentham, Critical Examination of the Declaration of Rights, Preliminary Observations,
Article I and Article II ………………………………………………………………………………………………577
Jeremy Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,……………………………..595
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, Chapter 1 ……………………………………………………………………………..613
Week 13………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 625
GWF Hegel, Philosophy of Right, “The State”……………………………………………………………………625
Karl Marx, Das Kapital, Chapter 31 ………………………………………………………………………………….674
Hannah Arendt, Modern Politics and the Idea of History……………………………………………………..706
Page 3 of 459
Week 1
Defining Critical Thinking
“Defining Critical T …
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