My class need a reflection about what to learn from the course.I will upload the e-book and class notes.We already go over the chapter 1 to 10.But the class mainly focus on the lecture notes.Here is my background you can consider to add in the reflection:I am an international student from China, have less work experience. English is not my native language. I am a little bit afraid to talk in the public place, and I am always nervous when I am talking because I am afraid to talk any mistake. But from this course, this is about the speech class, we had already have 2 presentation, the first one is prompt presentation. I never had this kind of presentation before, you can talk a little bit of my feeling….. of this part. And the second presentation is elevator pitch, like talk little about myself. The comment from the professor is I need speak more loudly and need practice more enunciation. BUT, I think I improve a lot, cause from the class activity, I tried to talk more. And i didn’t very nervous like before………..and……..(you can add more)I will upload the reflection requirement, class syllabus, ebook, lecture notes. Thank you!
mgmt_354_midterm_reflection_1930.docx
mgmt_354_communication_theory_1850_1_.docx
mgmt_354_what_makes_english_such_a_challenging_language_1850_2_.docx
mgmt_354_organizatinal_theory_lecture_1850.docx
mgmt_354_cultural_diversity_lecture_notes_1850.docx
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MGMT 354
In-Class Writing
Midterm Reflection
50 pts.
At this mid-point in the course, take a moment to reflect on the importance of communication (written,
oral, nonverbal) within organizations. Then, answering the following below, put your ideas into a
coherent, well-structured essay (5 to 6 paragraphs minimum) using your best Standard American English
(coherent ideas, complete, well-structured sentences, logical paragraph transitions).
PROMPT: At this point in the course, what do you feel you have learned about communication within
organizations that will benefit you as a communicator in your professional life? What do you consider to
be your greatest strengths as a communicator right now? Where do you see the greatest opportunities
for growth in your communication? What concrete steps do you feel you can take to develop and
continue to improve as a communicator? How do you see your growing understanding of the
importance of organizational communication and, in particular, you-viewpoint communication aiding
you in your journey to becoming a more effective business communicator?
Remember to put your first and last name in the upper right corner, along with the class, assignment,
and date. Example:
John Smith
MGMT 354—Midterm Reflection
XX/XX/2019
Upon completion, email your reflection as an attached Word document to Dr. D. at [email protected]
MGMT 354 – COMMUNICATION THEORY
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COMMUNICATION THEORY
COMMUNICATION
The process of people sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings with each other in commonlyunderstandable ways.
STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH (SAE)
Standards (rules of the road)
o
o
Spoken
Written
RHETORIC
HOW communicators use words and language
YOU-VIEWPOINT COMMUNICATION
The sender gives primary consideration to the receiver’s point of view.
Recipient-focused communication.
Promotes common understanding.
Purpose — What is my message about?
•
•
•
•
•
Good news / Positive Message?
Informative?
Negative news?
Persuasive? Sales?
Social?
Intention – To build goodwill. To establish and maintain favorable relationships.
Correct word choice – Grammatically correct: using the right word.
Effective word choice — Communicates to message’s purpose and intention. Using the best words.
Emphasize the positive – Positive words help build positive relationships
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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4 PRIMARY GOALS OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
1. RECEIVER UNDERSTANDS THE MESSAGE AS THE SENDER INTENDED
2. RECEIVER RESPONDS IN AN APPROPRIATE WAY
a. PROVIDE AN AVENUE FOR FEEDBACK
3. ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING FAVORABLE RELATIONSHIPS
4. BUILDING ORGANIZATIONAL GOODWILL – corporate reputation
Definition of Communication: the process of people sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings with each
other in commonly understandable ways.
•
•
•
•
Process – ongoing (not an “event” or “snapshot in time”)
People – human activity (anything is possible)
Sharing – engaging with others
▪ Give and take: reciprocal
o Thoughts – cognitive
o Feelings – affective
o Ideas – conceptualization … models…mind maps
▪ Family
▪ Community
▪ Education
▪ Faith
▪ Success
Common understanding
o Aligned with the Goals of Organizational Communication
▪ Understanding
▪ Response
▪ Favorable relationships
▪ Organizational goodwill
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Communication Dynamics – Roles: Senders & Receivers
Stimulus, Motivation, Encoding, Decoding
Sender – source of the message.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is prompted by some stimulus (need to communicate trigger).
The sender may not necessarily be motivated to communicate
Choose communication medium – the means to deliver a message
o Written
o Spoken
o Nonverbal
▪ Choose message channel
• Written
o Letters
o Memos
o Emails
o Texts
o Web content
o Blogs
• Oral
o Face to face
o Phone
o Tele-Presence
▪ Skype
▪ WebEx
• Nonverbal
o Everything that communicates a message but doesn’t use words
▪ Smile
▪ Handshake
▪ Wave
▪ Head nod
Message channels can be strengthened by being combined
o Email messages can be more effective combined with F2F
o F2F can be more effective combined with email
Encodes the message
Provides an avenue for feedback
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Receiver – receives the message
•
Accepts and is open the message …?
o
•
•
Have you ever not answered your cell phone when you saw who was calling?
Interprets message
o Decodes message
▪ Makes sense of message
Responds if necessary
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Human Language and Communication
Language is symbolic activity:
–Humans deal in signs and symbols every day and have for about 17,000 – 20,000 years.
Prehistoric Cave art, Lascaux France – 20,000 years-old
Cuneiform, Mesopotamia – 5,000 years-old
Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Egypt – 3,500 years-old
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Some linguists and communication theorists speculate that language may be returning to something
more image-based and less word-centered:
The Oxford English Dictionary chose this emoji as its WORD OF THE YEAR for 2015 because this is where
language is going, the OED argued:
Laughter through tears emoji – do you use it?
Professor and Linguistics expert Vyv Evans has
explored the emergence of emojis from Cuneiform,
3500 BCE, to the present day in his 2017 book, The Emoji Code.
But let’s continue our trip back through time…
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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The illumination of manuscripts by medieval monks was a slow and tedious process – texts created by
hand – and knowledge and information was readily accessible to very few: mostly confined to medieval
monasteries, which morphed into the early European universities.
The Printing Press Revolution, thanks to Gutenberg, created word-based cultures and economies since
the 15th century permitting easier access to the written word due to speedier creation of texts.
Printing Press Revolution – 15th century
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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For over 500 years, the written word had a certain pervasive power and information was able to spread
rapidly through easy replication.
JFK Assassination, 1963
We are now in the midst of another communication and information revolution made possible by
today’s technologies and distributed through various social media channels: Youtube channels and
podcasts are making possible long-form interviews, much like the storytelling of our prehistoric
ancestors around the fire. Some call this a listening revolution as we engage more in the oral/aural
tradition of learning.
But now, instead of being gathered synchronously around the nighttime fire, we are dispersed,
geographically and across time zones – asynchronously—but able to hear the same stories even “on the
go” through mobile applications. The flickering glow of the nighttime fire is now replaced by the glow of
our screens:
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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The Mobile Information Revolution
What’s your favorite podcast or Youtube channel?
Responding to the World Around Us
Semiotics – systems of signs and symbols
o
o
o
Pictures
Words
Nonverbal
Signs: Anything sending a message available for interpretation; signs are often directive:
Everyday Signs on the Road
Stop Sign
Traffic Light
Railway Crossing
Freeway Signs
Falling Rocks
One-Way Street
90-Minute Parking
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Symbols: a special kind of sign (represent an idea or abstraction):
Symbols of USA
American Flag
Bald Eagle
Statue of Liberty
White House
Symbols of Religion (e.g.: Christianity)
Fish – ICTHUS
Cross
The Good Shepherd
Dove
Some things can be both signs and symbols:
+
•
A cross is a symbol of Christianity.
•
In a different context, this symbol serves as a sign:
•
On the top of a hospital building or on a Red Cross vehicle, a cross is both a symbol
and a sign:
2+2=4
o
Sign: Get medical help here
o
Symbol: Life; healing; faith in God’s healing power
•
Sign: The Starbucks logo signals where you can get coffee
•
Symbol: The Starbucks logo represents something beyond just coffee:
o Status
▪ Hipness
o Belonging / Community
o Exclusivity
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
MGMT 354 – COMMUNICATION THEORY
o
o
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Choice
Strength / Endurance
▪ “just gimme coffee!”
Putting people first: text by former Starbucks president Howard Behar
Signs and symbols can and do change over time and have different meaning in different contexts and
cultures:
Our immediate response upon seeing the swastika might be one of revulsion or fear and rightly so. This
symbol had a previous (religious/spiritual) meaning prior to its use by the National Socialist Party (NAZI)
in Europe in the 20th century. It was used on the Indian Subcontinent, 1100s BCE, as a symbol of life,
peace, prosperity, wellness, luck, and hope. Native American tribes, too, made use of this symbol in
their artifacts. Example: Navajo blanket.
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Observe, now, how restroom signs are changing.
Semantics – interpretation: making meaning
•
•
•
•
Metaphysics
Ontology
Existentialism
Epistemology
o Interpretations differ
▪ Backgrounds
• Race
• Ethnicity
• Age
• Gender
• Physical challenges
Message Codes – symbols that carry the message
1. Language (Verbal)
a. Spoken
b. Written
2. Paralanguage (Vocal)
a. Tone
b. Pitch
c. Rate
d. Volume
e. Emphasis
3. Nonverbal (Visual)
a. Facial expressions
b. Eye contact
c. Hand gestures
d. Body movement
e. Proximity
f. Posture
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Channel Richness – refers to the amount of information a channel can convey
•
•
•
•
•
F2F is most channel rich
o All 3 message codes are present
▪ Verbal
▪ Vocal
▪ Nonverbal
Email is NOT channel rich
o Flat
o Message channel preferred in business
TV is channel rich
Radio
o No visual cues
Telephone
o No visual cues
Marshall McLuhan, Canadian professor of philosophy and media studies said: “The medium is the
message” – the medium used to communicate a message, itself, communicates a message and enters
into the communication context potentially impacting meaning. Presidents often find themselves under
scrutiny for things like nonverbal behaviors visible on visual mediums.
First televised presidential debate: Radio versus TV
o
1960: Kennedy and Nixon
TV Viewers wouldn’t have seen Mr. Nixon wiping away his perspiration or the radio.
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Jimmy Carter – sweater speech, 1979
Americans didn’t respond well to their president addressing them in a sweater.
Ronald Reagan
The appearance of the messenger sends a message. Suit vs. sweater.
Bill Clinton – presidential candidate on late-night TV
Politics and Hollywood collide: entertainment or political message?
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
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Models of Communication – How we think of communication
1. One-way Model
a. Linear
b. A talks to B
c. No dialogue
d. Not dynamic
2. Circular Model
a. More interactive
b. Implies step by step…linearity…which is rare
3. Transactional Model
a. Dialogic
b. We are both senders and receivers
c. We are both responsible for making meaning
d. Messy
e. Chaotic
Some Principles of Communication
1. Communication is irrevocable
a. Can’t take it back
b. Effective communicators are reflective communicators
i. Think about our message
1. Who
2. What
3. When
4. Where
5. HOW – rhetoric
6. YVP communication calls us to reflect on the 4 primary goals of Org
Comm
a. Understanding
b. Response
i. Feedback
c. Favorable Relationships
d. Organizational goodwill
2. Communication is reparable
a. We can’t erase what we’ve
b. We can’t take it back…
c. Might be able to alter first impressions of your message if sincere
i. Apology
ii. Self-disclosure
3. Communication is synchronous and asynchronous
a. Synchronous – in time
i. F2F
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
MGMT 354 – COMMUNICATION THEORY
4.
5.
6.
7.
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ii. Phone
iii. Video Chat
iv. In Class
1. Give and take
2. Dialogue
b. Asynchronous – out of time
i. Delayed communication
ii. Not as dynamic / organic
iii. Not as give and take
iv. Not in the moment
1. Texting
2. Uploaded videos
3. Email
4. Online class with asynchronous elements
a. Discussion forum
Communication is heavily based on perception and interpretations
a. The only message that counts is the message that is received
Communication is flawed…faulty
a. Spouse
b. Kids
c. Parent
d. Work colleagues
e. Boss
f. Neighbors
g. Extended family
Communication is nonlinear (both ways) and subject to distraction
a. Dynamic
b. Not static
As communicators, humans are:
a. Adaptable – they can respond; they can change
b. Resourceful – they can create; they can generate
Desk Set – 1957, clip
©Dan Davis, Ed.d, 2018-2019.
MGMT 354
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WHAT MAKES ENGLISH SUCH A CHALLENGING LANGUAGE?
STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH (SAE)
STANDARD EDITED AMERICAN ENGLISH (SEAE)
•
Standards (rules of the road)
o Oral
o Written
LINGUISTICS
•
Is the Study of Language
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LINGUISTICS—THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE
Areas of Linguistic Study
Phonetics
Study of how human speech sounds are physically
formed (mouth, tongue, throat, breath), notated by
symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
good = ʊ
shoot = ʋ
sheep = i:
ship = I
Phonology
Study of sound patterns and their meanings based on
phonemes, perceptually distinct units of sound. There
are 26 letters of the alphabet and 44 phonemes in
English but the possibilities for word formation and
evolution are endless.
book vs. boot
cat vs. circle
through vs. enough
at:
cat
bat
hat
mat
rat
sat
Morphology
Study of word formations based on morphemes, the
smallest meaningful unit in a language
the word unconsciousness is made
up of 3 morphemes:
un = not
conscious = aware or alert
ness = state
Syntax
Study of sentence formation and arrangement of
words in a sentence.
Thus, unconsciousness is defined as
the state of not being aware or alert
A car drive red I.
Vs.
I drive a red car.
The dog chased the boy with the
large teeth.
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Vs.
The dog with the large teeth chased
the boy.
Dog bites man
Vs.
Man bites dog
Semantics
Study of meaning, considering things like connotative
and denotative meanings.
My life is an open book.
Life is like a box of chocolates.
The office was walking on egg shells
yesterday.
It was rather chilly in that room.
I need a second set of eyes on this
report.
Make sure all your ducks are lined
up in a row.
Pragmatics
Study of language use, being mindful of context.
Hey, cool ride! (a colleague says this
pointing to your car in the parking
lot at work.)
Vs.
Hey, cool ride! (someone says this
pointing to the the X2 roller coaster
at Six Flags.)
RHETORIC
•
HOW communicators use words and language
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USA ENGLISH
CENTER
JUDGMENT
U2 IS IN CONCERT
JURY IS…
ORGANIZATION
FAVORITE
FRIES
CHIPS
BATHROOM
Line
UK ENGLISH
CENTRE
JUDGEMENT
U2 ARE IN CONCERT
JURY ARE…
ORGANISATION
FAVOURITE
CHIPS
CRISPS
LOO
Queue
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A BREIF OVERVIEW OF THE DEVLOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Emerging from the Indo-European language family (German, Dutch, Celtic, Danish, Greek, and others)
English is essentially considered a Germanic language with strong Romantic (French, Italian, Spanish)
influences.
Let’s briefly trace the history of the English language.
CLASSICAL ANTIQUTITY
Ancient Greece:
–Hellenistic ideas spread by Macedonians (Alexander the Great) and, later, Rome.
Ancient Rome:
–Rome (the “eternal city” and “all roads lead to Rome”) wanted to conquer the world and
settles, among other places, in Britain in the first century C.E.
–Romans battle the Celts who then retreat and settle in Ireland and Scotland.
–The transition from Roman Republic to Empire weakened Rome, making its outposts and
settlements susceptible to marauding German invaders (Huns/Goths/Vandals) – 4th-5th century
C.E.
–Romans withdraw from Britain and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (Germanic peoples speaking
Germanic dialects) arrive and claim British territory – early 5th century C.E.
FRENCH AND ENGLISH
France and England at War:
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–The Norman Invasion (invasion by “men from the North” or Norseman) of England by William the
Conqueror in 1066 C.E. brings a strong French influence to England.
Norman French becomes language of the nobility, the courts, and upper classes.
Latin is used for ecclesiastical and educational purposes.
English is majority language.
Dialects over time merge and create what is called “Old English.”
•
•
•
•
Old English: 700s – 1000s C.E.
o Textual example:
▪ Beowulf (anonymous)
Middle English: 1150 – 1500 C.E.
o Textual examples:
▪ Piers Plowman (Langland)
▪ Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)
▪ Sir Gawain and the Green Night (anonymous)
Early Modern English: 1500s – 1600s C.E.
o Textual example:
▪ William Shakespeare
Modern English: 17th century to the present
o Textual example:
▪ The Dictionary
PROTESTANT REFORMATION: (1517 -1648 A.D.)
Martin Luther: Dissatisfied with practices and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, German Catholic
monk Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses at Wittenberg starting the Protestant Reformation in Europe.
THE PRINTING PRESS: Developed by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, the printing press helped
rapidly spread Reformation ideas throughout Europe, making revolutionary ideas available to the
common person.
Puritans leave for America (1630).
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WHAT MAKES ENGLISH CHALLENGING?
1. Homonyms (homo = same; nym = name) & Homophones (homo = same; phone = sound)
HOMONYMN
Read – to read
Read – past tense
Fair – L.A. County
Fair –reasonable
Bass – fish
Bass – low note
Tear – cry
Tear — rip
HOMOPHONE
Read – past tense
Red – color
There, they’re, their
Two, to, too
Its, it’s
Hour, our
Pear, pair
Peace, piece
2. Slang (often spoken within particular cultures, such as youth), idiomatic expressions (sayings
for which there is no direct translation)
a. Cool
b. Cool ride!
i. Parking lot looking at your car
ii. Magic mountain looking at X2
c. Hot
d. Be on the ball
e. Be on your game
f. Out in left field
g. Elephant in the room
h. What’s up?
3. Phonetics (Sound) … Spelling. Words are often not spelled the way they sound
a. I have a coff…NO!
b. I have a koff…NO!
c. I have a cough…YES! (gh = f)
d. Through (gh = silent)
e. Wodr … Word?
i. Wodr … Water (spelled the way we say it; few people pronounce the T in
water with a soft T)
f. Receive
g. Neighbor
h. Pneumonia
i. Committee
4. There are 2 styles: The Popular Style and the Standard Style and this creates some difficulties
in particular areas of grammar:
a. Possessives (ownership)
MGMT 354
i. John has a book.
1. John’s book (whose)
2. The book of John
ii. James has a new car
1. James’s new car (correct in the Standard Style)
2. James’ new car (correct in the Popular Style)
3. Quentin Chalmers’s new car (Standard—correct)
4. Quentin Chalmers’ new car (Popular—correct)
iii. Dan Davis has a new car
1. Dan Davis’s new car (Standard–correct)
2. Dan Davis’ new car (Popular–correct)
iv. Plurals
1. The Davises are here (Standard – correct)
2. The Davis’ are here (Popular – correct)
3. The Chalmerses are here. (Standard—correct)
4. The Chalmers’ are here. (Popular—correct)
5. The Rooneys are here.
6. The Humphries ar …
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