After reading the chapter 2 of the textbook uploaded and the introduction file uploaded answer these question.600 words.APA format.Summarize your understanding of this week’s step of the research process
What challenges did you encounter in applying this week’s step of the research process?
How did you mitigate the challenges?
4. What’re your plans for the next step of the research process?
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Chapter 2
Introduction to the Quantitative
Research Process
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
1
Quantitative Research
Formal, objective, rigorous, systematic
process for generating information
Describes new situations, events, or
concepts
Examines relationships among variables
Determines the effectiveness of treatments
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Quantitative Research (cont’d)
Descriptive
Correlational
Quasi-experimental
Experimental
Increased
control
with type
of study
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Descriptive Research
Exploration and description of phenomena in
real-life situations
New meaning is discovered and the
description of concepts is accomplished
Helps to identify relationships
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Correlational Research
Looks at the relationship between two or
more variables
Determines the strength and type of
relationships
Explains what is seen
No cause and effect
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Quasi-experimental Research
Examines cause-and-effect relationships
Less control by researcher than true
experimental designs
Samples are not randomly selected.
All variables in the study cannot be controlled
by the researcher.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Experimental Research
Looks at cause-and-effect relationships
Highly controlled, objective, systematic
studies
Involves the measurement of independent
and dependent variables
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Experimental Research (cont’d)
Main characteristics:
➢
➢
➢
Controlled manipulation of at least one
independent variable
Uses experimental and control groups
Random assignment of the sample to the
experimental and control groups
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Concepts Relevant to Quantitative
Research
Basic research
Applied research
Rigor
Control
Extraneous variables
Sampling
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Basic Research
Research for the sake of research
Research to find out the truth
Investigating “what is”
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
10
Applied Research
Attempts to solve real problems in clinical
practice
Concerns what effects the intervention may
have on patients
Applies findings in the real world on real
patients
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
11
Rigor in Quantitative Research
Striving for excellence in research and
adherence to detail
Precise measurement tools, a representative
sample, and a tightly controlled study design
Logical reasoning is essential.
Precision, accuracy, detail, and order
required
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
12
Control in Quantitative Research
Rules are followed to decrease the possibility
of error, and are the design of the study.
Different levels of control depending on study
➢
➢
Quasi-experimental studies partially controlled
regarding selection of subjects
Experimental studies highly controlled because of
precision of sample selection
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
13
Extraneous Variables in
Quantitative Research
These occur in all research studies.
They may interfere with the hypothesized
relationships between variables.
The influence of extraneous variables can be
decreased through sample selection and the
use of defined research settings.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
14
Sampling in Quantitative Research
Process of selecting subjects who are
representative of the population
Random sampling
➢
➢
Each member has an equal chance of being
selected.
Has the most control
Convenience sampling
➢
Whoever is available
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
15
Settings in Quantitative Research
The location where studies take place
Must be defined in advance
Involved in the rigor and control of the study
Types of research settings:
➢
➢
➢
Natural or field settings
Partially controlled settings
Highly controlled or laboratory settings
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
16
Control in Quantitative Research
Type of
Quantitative
Research
Researcher
Control
Research
Setting
Descriptive
Uncontrolled
Natural or partially
controlled
Correlational
Uncontrolled or
partially controlled
Natural or partially
controlled
Quasi-experimental
Partially controlled
Partially controlled
Experimental
Highly controlled
Laboratory
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
17
Problem-Solving Process
Data collection
Problem definition
Plan
➢
➢
Setting goals
Identifying solutions
Implementation
Evaluation and revision
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
18
Steps of the Quantitative Research
Process
Research problem and purpose
Literature review
Study framework
Objectives, questions, or hypotheses
Study variables
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
19
Steps of the Quantitative Research
Process (cont’d)
Assumptions
Limitations
➢
➢
Methodological
Theoretical
Research design
Population and sample
Methods of measurement
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
20
Steps of the Quantitative Research
Process (cont’d)
Data collection and analysis
Research outcomes
Communication of findings
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
21
Research Problem and Purpose
Research problem is an area of concern
needing research for nursing practice.
➢
The problem identifies, describes, or predicts the
research situation.
Research purpose comes from the problem
and identifies the specific goal or aim of the
study.
➢
The purpose includes variables, population, and
setting for the study.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
22
Literature Review
Collecting pertinent literature to give in-depth
knowledge about the problem
Understanding what knowledge exists to
make changes in practice
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
23
Study Framework
Framework is the abstract, theoretical basis
for a study that enables the researcher to link
the findings to nursing’s body of knowledge.
Theory is an integrated set of defined
concepts and relational statements that
present a view of a phenomenon and can be
used to describe, explain, predict, or control
phenomena.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
24
Research Objectives, Questions, and
Hypotheses
All identify relationship between variables and
indicate population to be studied
Narrower in focus than the purpose and often
specify only one or two research variables
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
25
Study Variables
Variables are concepts that are measured,
manipulated, or controlled in a study.
➢
➢
Concrete variables: temperature, weight
Abstract variables: creativity, empathy
Conceptual definition: gives meaning to a
concept
Operational definition: variable can be
measured using this description
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26
Example of Definitions: Physical
Symptoms
Conceptual definition
➢
Physical symptoms are “behavioral manifestations
that result directly from the traumagenic dynamics
of child sexual abuse.”
(Hulme & Grove, 1994, p. 522)
Operational definition
➢
ASI questionnaire was used to measure physical
symptoms
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
27
Assumptions
Statements are taken for granted or are
considered true.
Assumptions are often unrecognized in
thinking and behavior.
Sources of assumptions are universally
accepted truths.
They are often embedded in the philosophical
base of the study’s framework.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
28
Limitations
Restrictions in a study that may decrease the
credibility and generalizability of the findings
Theoretical limitations
➢
➢
Restrict the generalization of the findings
Reflected in the framework and definitions
Methodological limitations
➢
Restrict the population to which the findings can
be generalized
➢ May result from an unrepresentative sample or
weak design
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
29
Research Design
Blueprint for conducting the study
Maximizes control over factors that could
interfere with the study’s desired outcome
Directs the selection of the population,
sampling, methods of measure, plans for data
collection, and analysis
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
30
Population and Sample
Population
Sample
All elements that meet
certain criteria for
inclusion in study
Example: all women
students in higher
education
A subset of the
population that is
selected for study
Example: women
students in three state
universities in the
Southwest
(Hulme & Grove, 1994)
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
31
Methods of Measurement
Assigning numbers to objects
Application of rules to development of a
measurement device or instrument
Data are gathered at the nominal, ordinal,
interval, or ratio level of measurement.
Must examine reliability and validity of
measurement tool
➢
➢
Reliability: consistency of the tool
Validity: does it measure what it is supposed to
measure?
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
32
Data Collection
Precise, systematic gathering of information
for the study
Consent must be obtained from the sample.
Researchers use observation, interviews,
questionnaires, or scales to gather
information.
Described under the “procedures” section of
a research article
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
33
Data Analysis
Reduce, organize, and give meaning to data
Descriptive and inferential analysis of data
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34
Results
Descriptions of findings after data were
analyzed
Usually organized by research objectives,
questions, or hypotheses
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
35
Research Outcomes
Interprets data findings in meaningful manner
Involves forming conclusions and considering
implications for nursing
Suggests future studies
Generalizes the findings
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
36
Research Reports and
Communication of Findings
Summarizes major elements of a study and
identifies contributions of study to nursing
knowledge
Presented at professional meetings and
conferences and published in journals and
books
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
37
Content of Research Reports
Abstract—summary of study in 100 to 250
words
Introduction—problem, purpose, literature,
framework, and hypothesis
Methods—design, sample, setting, tool
Results—data analysis procedures
Discussion—findings, conclusions,
implications
Reference list—all sources cited
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
38
Skimming a Research Report
Quickly review source for broad overview.
Read title, author’s name, abstract,
introduction, and discussion.
Examine conclusions and implications.
Give preliminary judgment of study.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
39
Comprehending a Research Report
Type of study conducted—highlight key
points
Knowledge available on topic
Expertise of researcher
➢
Replication versus original research
Funding resources of researcher
➢
➢
Amount of funding
Sources of funding
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
40
Analyzing a Research Report
Examine parts of report in depth for accuracy,
completeness, uniqueness of information,
and organization.
Was research process logically presented?
Examine discussion section for critical
arguments.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
41
Initial Research Report Critique
What type of study was conducted?
What was the setting for the study?
Were steps for the research process clearly
identified?
Were any of steps missing?
Did the steps logically link together?
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
42
Introduction
A research problem is an area of concern in which there is a gap in the
knowledge base needed for nursing practice. This problem or area of concern
provides the basis for developing the research purpose using a variety of
methodologies, quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research. In a study,
the research problem (1) identifies an area of concern for a particular
population, (2) indicates the significance of the problem, (3) provides a
background for the problem, and (4) outlines the need for additional study in a
problem statement.
The purpose or goal of a study guides the development of the objectives,
questions, or hypotheses in quantitative and outcomes studies. The
objectives, questions, or hypotheses bridge the gap between the more
abstractly stated problem and purpose and the detailed design for conducting
the study. In quantitative research, the problem and purpose usually reflects
the type of study that was conducted. For instance, the purpose of descriptive
research is to identify and describe concepts or variables, identify possible
relationships among variables, and delineate differences between or among
existing groups, such as males and females or different ethnic groups. The
problems formulated for qualitative research identify areas of concern that
require investigation to gain new insights, expand understanding, and improve
comprehension of a phenomenon. The purpose of a qualitative study
indicates the focus of the study, which may be a concept.
A clearly stated research purpose includes variables or
concepts, population, and usually the setting. Research problems and
purposes are significant if they have the potential to generate and refine
knowledge that has an impact on or is applied in nursing practice, expands
research, improves understanding of a problem by developing theory, adds
knowledge to current nursing research priorities as well as related to a health
problem that affects a large number of people.
Problems in professional practice or even nursing education is a good place to
identify research problems. The feasibility of a research problem and purpose
is determined by examining the researcher’s expertise, which focuses on
educational preparation, research previously conducted, and clinical
experiences. Others include financial commitment, availability of study
participants, facility, and equipment as well as study’s ethical considerations.
Understanding Nursing Research
Building an Evidence-Based Practice
SIXTH EDITION
Susan K. Grove, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, GNP-BC
Professor Emerita, College of Nursing, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
Adult Nurse Practitioner, Family Practice, Grand Prairie, Texas
Jennifer R. Gray, PhD, RN, FAAN
George W. and Hazel M. Jay Professor, College of Nursing, Associate Dean, College of Nursing,
The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
Nancy Burns, PhD, RN, FCN, FAAN
Professor Emerita, College of Nursing, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
Faith Community Nurse, St. Matthew Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Burleson, Texas
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Inside Front Cover
Copyright
Contributor and Reviewers
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction to Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice
What is Nursing Research?
What is Evidence-Based Practice?
Purposes of Research for Implementing an Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Historical Development of Research in Nursing
Acquiring Knowledge in Nursing
Acquiring Knowledge Through Nursing Research
Understanding Best Research Evidence for Practice
What Is Your Role in Nursing Research?
Key Concepts
Chapter 2: Introduction to Quantitative Research
What is Quantitative Research?
Problem-Solving and Nursing Processes: Basis for Understanding the Quantitative Research Process
Identifying the Steps of the Quantitative Research Process
Reading Research Reports
Practice Reading Quasi-Experimental and Experimental Studies
Key Concepts
Chapter 3: Introduction to Qualitative Research
Values of Qualitative Researchers
Rigor in Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Approaches
Qualitative Research Methodologies
Data Collection Methods
Data Management
Data Analysis
Key Concepts
Chapter 4: Examining Ethics in Nursing Research
Historical Events Influencing the Development of Ethical Codes and Regulations
Protecting Human Rights
Understanding Informed Consent
Understanding Institutional Review
Examining the Benefit-Risk Ratio of a Study
Understanding Research Misconduct
Examining the Use of Animals in Research
Key Concepts
Chapter 5: Research Problems, Purposes, and Hypotheses
What Are Research Problems and Purposes?
Identifying the Problem and Purpose in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Outcomes Studies
Determining the Significance of a Study Problem and Purpose
Examining the Feasibility of a Problem and Purpose
Examining Research Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses in Research Reports
Understanding Study Variables and Research Concepts
Key Concepts
Chapter 6: Understanding and Critically Appraising the Literature Review
Purpose of the Literature Review
Sources Included in a Literature Review
Critically Appraising Literature Reviews
Reviewing the Literature
Key Concepts
Chapter 7: Understanding Theory and Research Frameworks
What is a Theory?
Understanding the Elements of Theory
Levels of Theoretical Thinking
Examples of Critical Appraisal
Key Concepts
Chapter 8: Clarifying Quantitative Research Designs
Identifying Designs Used in Nursing Studies
Descriptive Designs
Correlational Designs
Understanding Concepts Important to Causality in Designs
Examining the Validity of Studies
Elements of Designs Examining Causality
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Experimental Designs
Randomized Controlled Trials
Introduction to Mixed-Methods Approaches
Key Concepts
Chapter 9: Examining Populations and Samples in Research
Understanding Sampling Concepts
Representativeness of a Sample in Quantitative and Outcomes Research
Probability Sampling Methods
Nonprobability Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Quantitative Research
Sample Size in Quantitative Studies
Sampling in Qualitative Research
Sample Size in Qualitative Studies
Research Settings
Key Concepts
Chapter 10: Clarifying Measurement and Data Collection in Quantitative Research
Concepts of Measurement Theory
Accuracy, Precision, and Error of Physiological Measures
Use of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Likelihood Ratios to Determine the Quality of Diagnostic AND Screening Tests
Measurement Strategies in Nursing
Data Collection Process
Key Concepts
Chapter 11: Understanding Statistics in Research
Understanding the Elements of the Statistical Analysis Process
Understanding Theories and Concepts of the Statistical Analysis Process
Using Statistics to Describe
Determining the Appropriateness of Inferential Statistics in Studies
Using Statistics to Examine Relationships
Using Statistics to Predict Outcomes
Using Statistics to Examine Differences
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