Hi, pls relate the attached ppt with below discussion and make the presentation.The resolution and the methods usedAfter detailed discussions with the client and her family, I discontinued home-based occupational therapy services and referred the client for outpatient rehabilitation.Jonsen, Seigler, and Winslade (1998), Purtillo (1993) and, Trompetter, Hansen, and Kyler-Hutchinson (1998) have all proposed several methods or processing tools to analyse ethical dilemmas (6, 7, 8). Kornblau and Starling (1999) also proposed a framework for ethical decision-making. It was called the CELIBATE method (an acronym for ‘Clinical Ethics and Legal Issues Bait All Therapists Equally’). The acronym acts as a cue for the user of the framework with each letter representing an aspect for analysis (for example: C for clinical situation, E for ethical issues, L for legal issues, I for information, B for brainstorming action steps, A for analysing action steps, T for taking the action and E for evaluating the results) (5).In the course of analysing and applying a methodology to resolve my ethical dilemma, I charted my ethical course via a framework. Based on this model, we can divide the entire ethical process when faced by a dilemma into three phases, namely the ethical encounter, the ethical loading and ethical unloading.The ethical encounter: This phase as applied to my case has been discussed under the section titled ‘The case scenario’. The parties involved are the client, my self, the home health agency that employs my services, the CMS, the State Occupational Therapy Board due to its judiciary powers over the practice of occupational therapy, the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) as it regulates the profession and sets codes of ethics (9), the scope (10) and standards of practice (11); the client’s family, and the community as a whole based upon the potential impact of my services (or the lack of services) on my client’s health and well-being. In the encounter phase, we face all the interacting human and/or organisational components of the ethical issue.The ethical loading: In this phase we analyse the various issues facing us. Whether the law has been violated, or is at risk, or was there just an ethical problem with no legal implications? My dilemma involves whether or not to continue services although there is a medical necessity, but the client may not necessarily meet the coverage criteria for payment. In this case, one may clearly recognise both ethical and legal issues. Legal issues are based upon Medicare and state practice acts governing the profession as well as the AOTA code of ethics (9) and standards of practice (11). This phase bears the load to introspect and discover legal and ethical violations or risks and analyse methods and the future course of action. We have discussed the ethical issues pertaining to my client in the section titled ‘Ethical principles at risk’. In this case, we determined that the theory of deontology best guided our course of resolution.The ethical unloading: Based upon my realisation and analysis of the ethical-legal aspects involved, I mainly geared my actions toward ethical resolution since there were no legal violations as yet and no separate legal actions were warranted other than those implied by ethical actions. My ethical actions were aimed at mainly upholding deontological principles by following my professional duty as perceived under Medicare and state practice acts, and by not interfering with the regulation with my own interpretation and attempt to liberalise it. I chose to rather use the regulation in its most restrictive form in order to ensure that no confusing elements could cause further dilemmas. This upheld the cause of justice, veracity, and my fidelity toward the law that governs my professional practice.With the ability to visit her husband at the nursing home at will, the client’s autonomy was upheld as well. Ms EH was also counselled on her options to receive services under Medicare Part-B plan at an outpatient rehabilitation clinic or other qualifying health care facilities. Fortunately, the facility where her spouse was admitted agreed to also treat her as an outpatient. The client found this acceptable and feasible as well.My course of action also ensured non- malfeasance and beneficence by ensuring continuity of services desired and needed by the client in an environment that was acceptable to her. It is in this phase where I “unloaded” my ethical burden through actions that I chose based upon my prior experience, training and/or conscience.As with any clinical case, we may view the “ethical encounter” as a phase where we focus on the demographics and situation at hand. The “ethical loading” phase mainly deals with recognising the ethical and legal issues involved (like the diagnostic process), and investigating and selecting the best course of action (formulating a plan for intervention). Finally, the “ethical unloading” phase involves the application of actions/ interventions with the aim of resolving an issue (outcome). Therefore, this phase must also reflect on the effectiveness of the actions/ interventions in meeting the interests of all parties in the situation.Thanks
resolution_of_business.pptx
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Resolution of Business
Ethical Dilemmas
STUDENT’S NAME
INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION
DATE
Introduction
Ethical dilemma refers to a situation in which the available choices offer
ethically unacceptable solutions.
Ethical dilemmas call for a resolution for good performance in a business.
The resolution available for the ethical dilemmas in a business depend on
several factors.
The presentation focuses on evaluating the resolutions according to
articles by Blanchard and Peale, The Front-Page-of-the-Newspaper Test,
Laura Nash and Perspective and the The Wall Street Journal Model.
Ethic Checks
Ethic checks refer two elements that a business should considering when
faced with a dilemma.
The ethic checks significantly assist the business managers in coming up
with a resolution.
Blanchard & Peale suggest that the three ethical checks entail three
questions that the manager must strive to answer.
The three ethical checks are;
❖
Is it legal?
❖
Is it balance
❖
How will it make me feel about myself?
Ethic Checks
The last check focuses on personal conscience and ethics because one
must consider how they feel about themselves.
The feeling significantly aids the business manager in coming up with an
ethically acceptable solution.
According to the Blanchard & Peale, the three questions assist in
eliminating the available options.
The option that receives positive answers on answering the ethical checks
is considered as the business resolution (Blanchard, & Peale, 2011).
The Front Page Test
The Front Page Test focuses on challenging the public leaders to think
keenly about their actions.
The leader must look onto the possible reactions from the outside world on
any action.
Benjamin Franklin states that an individual must be responsible for the
actions without blaming the course (Tsalikis, & Fritzsche, 1989) .
Evaluating the available options before the action increases the level of
convenience by driving into an ethically acceptable resolution.
According to the front page test, public leaders must learn to provide the
best options in a dilemma based on the interest of the public.
Front Page Test Continued
Public leaders in a business must focus on two factors that include;
❖
Avoid self-deception
❖
Working beyond compliance with the law
Critics from the public are common but the public leaders must work to
minimize the number of complaints.
The public officials in a business should make decisions that maximize the
likelihood that the community will give a positive feedback on their
actions.
Ethics Without the Sermon
Laura Nash introduces a procedure to test the ethical content and human fall
out in everyday decisions.
In business, leaders make decisions that affect the operations of the
organization.
The first step in the procedure entails identification of the problems as leader
and an outsider.
Secondly, explore personal loyalties and intentions in making the decisions
and the possible impacts (Nash, 2010).
Thirdly, consider the consequences of action disclosure to the public and the
symbolic meaning to the affected parties.
Lastly, the business manager must consider the moral standpoint of the
organizations.
The Wall Street Journal Model
The Wall Street Journal Model defines business ethics as the balance
between the organizational goals and the values of individuals and
society.
The model is summarized into three Cs which represent the following;
❖
Compliance to laws
❖
Contribution
❖
Consequences
Leaders must consider the three factors in making decisions regarding the
action to take as a resolution (Jacka, 2016).
Other Models
In the business resolution process, other models used include;
❖
Elaine Congress ETHIC Model
❖
ACA Ethical Decision Making Model
❖
General Decision-Making Model
The models focus on evaluating factors that public leaders must consider
in making decisions that affect an organization.
Conclusion
Business resolutions in an ethical dilemma refer to actions that a leader applies to solve a
certain problem.
The solutions must meet the goals of the organization and the values of individuals in the
society.
The models discussed significantly aid in making the right decisions in a business.
The models include;
❖
Nash Model
❖
The Street wall paper model
❖
Front Page Test model
In conclusion, the business resolutions must match both the values of the organization
and the society.
References
Tsalikis, J., & Fritzsche, D. J. (1989). Business ethics: A literature review with a focus on
marketing ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 8(9), 695-743.
Jacka, J. M. (2016). Step back and read the headlines: envisioning outcomes on the front
page of a newspaper can be an effective litmus test for decision-making. Internal
Auditor, 73(6), 61-62.
Nash, L. L. (2010). Ethics without the sermon. Harvard Business Review Press.
Blanchard, K., & Peale, N. V. (2011). The power of ethical management. Random House.
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