Please find in here the spss dataset for the cell phone survey data and a copy of the spss output which details the results of the reliability and validity analyses. You will need these to complete Lab Report Part 2.
20190317135819lab_report_part_2__1_.docx
20190317140209spss_output_data__1_.dotx
20190317135818writing_a_results_section___1_.pptx
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Lab Report Part #2:
(due by March 21st)
For this lab assignment, you are going to write a Results and Discussion section from the
cellphone survey pilot study. The Results and Discussion sections should adhere completely to
APA format. PLEASE look over the PPT I posted about writing this section and USE YOUR APA
MANUAL.
I have provided the SPSS dataset that contains the cell phone survey data. I am also giving you a
copy of the output of the final reliability analyses I ran on both the am and pm cell phone
surveys. I also included an analysis of the reliability of each measures with the SAS. Please note
things came out a little bit differently than we discussed in class earlier in the semester. (I
eliminated more items from each scale based on the reliability analyses and then recalculated a
total score for each scale based ONLY on the items that I included in the final reliability analysis
for each scale).
Please note, however, at minimum you will have to run the descriptive statistics on the total
scores derived from each survey to complete the results section. HINT: You may also want to
run descriptive statistics for each item that was retained in the final scale.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2 am3 am4 am6 am7 am8 am10 am11 am12 am15 am5r am9r
am13r am14r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
Missing Value Handling
14-MAR-2019 12:58:04
Data
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
Syntax
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2
am3 am4 am6 am7 am8
am10 am11 am12 am15
am5r am9r am13r am14r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
Resources
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.694
N of Items
15
Item Statistics
am1
am2
am3
Mean
4.5600
2.3200
3.0400
Std. Deviation
1.32539
1.21518
1.45717
N
25
25
25
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am11
am12
am15
am5r
am9r
am13r
am14r
3.7600
2.8800
2.2800
2.2400
3.1200
3.0400
3.3600
3.2400
3.6000
3.7600
3.0000
2.7600
1.36260
1.61555
1.17331
1.33167
1.20139
1.59374
1.22066
1.73877
1.58114
1.66533
1.19024
1.50776
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
am1
am2
am3
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am11
am12
am15
am5r
am9r
am13r
am14r
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
42.4000
74.167
44.6400
81.240
43.9200
67.410
43.2000
76.417
44.0800
75.827
44.6800
80.810
44.7200
79.960
43.8400
76.807
43.9200
84.827
43.6000
75.333
43.7200
68.877
43.3600
81.240
43.2000
70.833
43.9600
75.540
44.2000
84.000
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.458
.167
.704
.340
.282
.198
.195
.386
-.034
.451
.501
.092
.455
.455
.004
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.661
.693
.625
.674
.682
.690
.691
.670
.723
.663
.648
.707
.656
.663
.716
Scale Statistics
Mean
46.9600
Variance
86.373
Std. Deviation
9.29373
N of Items
15
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2 am3 am4 am6 am7 am8 am10 am12 am15 am5r am9r am13r
am14r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
Missing Value Handling
Syntax
Resources
14-MAR-2019 12:58:24
Data
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2
am3 am4 am6 am7 am8
am10 am12 am15 am5r
am9r am13r am14r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
Processor Time
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
Elapsed Time
00:00:00.00
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.723
N of Items
14
Item Statistics
am1
am2
am3
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am12
am15
am5r
am9r
am13r
am14r
Mean
4.5600
2.3200
3.0400
3.7600
2.8800
2.2800
2.2400
3.1200
3.3600
3.2400
3.6000
3.7600
3.0000
2.7600
Std. Deviation
1.32539
1.21518
1.45717
1.36260
1.61555
1.17331
1.33167
1.20139
1.22066
1.73877
1.58114
1.66533
1.19024
1.50776
N
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
am1
am2
am3
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am12
am15
am5r
am9r
am13r
am14r
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
39.3600
71.990
41.6000
79.417
40.8800
66.777
40.1600
74.890
41.0400
73.623
41.6400
78.990
41.6800
77.893
40.8000
75.750
40.5600
75.173
40.6800
66.393
40.3200
78.810
40.1600
67.807
40.9200
75.160
41.1600
83.140
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.493
.182
.669
.343
.310
.214
.220
.365
.386
.544
.125
.519
.400
-.021
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.690
.723
.665
.707
.711
.720
.720
.705
.703
.678
.734
.682
.702
.749
Scale Statistics
Mean
43.9200
Variance
84.827
Std. Deviation
9.21014
N of Items
14
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2 am3 am4 am6 am7 am8 am10 am12 am15 am5r am9r am13r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
14-MAR-2019 12:58:46
Input
Data
Missing Value Handling
Syntax
Resources
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2
am3 am4 am6 am7 am8
am10 am12 am15 am5r
am9r am13r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.749
N of Items
13
Item Statistics
am1
am2
am3
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am12
am15
am5r
am9r
am13r
Mean
4.5600
2.3200
3.0400
3.7600
2.8800
2.2800
2.2400
3.1200
3.3600
3.2400
3.6000
3.7600
3.0000
Std. Deviation
1.32539
1.21518
1.45717
1.36260
1.61555
1.17331
1.33167
1.20139
1.22066
1.73877
1.58114
1.66533
1.19024
N
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
am1
am2
am3
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am12
am15
am5r
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
36.6000
71.333
38.8400
77.057
38.1200
66.277
37.4000
73.250
38.2800
71.460
38.8800
75.943
38.9200
76.160
38.0400
74.623
37.8000
74.083
37.9200
63.827
37.5600
74.923
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.449
.216
.621
.344
.332
.285
.224
.341
.360
.586
.209
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.726
.749
.704
.737
.740
.743
.749
.737
.736
.705
.754
am9r
am13r
37.4000
38.1600
66.583
74.640
.507
.344
.717
.737
Scale Statistics
Mean
41.1600
Variance
83.140
Std. Deviation
9.11811
N of Items
13
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2 am3 am4 am6 am7 am8 am10 am12 am15 am9r am13r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
Missing Value Handling
14-MAR-2019 12:59:45
Data
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
Syntax
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=am1 am2
am3 am4 am6 am7 am8
am10 am12 am15 am9r
am13r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
Resources
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.754
N of Items
12
Item Statistics
am1
am2
am3
Mean
4.5600
2.3200
3.0400
Std. Deviation
1.32539
1.21518
1.45717
N
25
25
25
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am12
am15
am9r
am13r
3.7600
2.8800
2.2800
2.2400
3.1200
3.3600
3.2400
3.7600
3.0000
1.36260
1.61555
1.17331
1.33167
1.20139
1.22066
1.73877
1.66533
1.19024
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
am1
am2
am3
am4
am6
am7
am8
am10
am12
am15
am9r
am13r
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
33.0000
63.250
35.2400
69.607
34.5200
58.510
33.8000
67.000
34.6800
62.560
35.2800
68.543
35.3200
67.643
34.4400
66.090
34.2000
66.000
34.3200
56.810
33.8000
59.417
34.5600
66.923
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.470
.189
.641
.272
.382
.258
.251
.378
.375
.576
.496
.338
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.728
.758
.705
.751
.739
.751
.753
.739
.740
.711
.723
.743
Scale Statistics
Mean
37.5600
Variance
74.923
Std. Deviation
8.65583
N of Items
12
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=pm1 pm2 pm3 pm4 pm5 pm6 pm7 pm9 pm10 pm11 pm12 pm13 pm14
pm15 pm17 pm18 pm8rev pm16r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
Missing Value Handling
Syntax
Resources
14-MAR-2019 13:01:19
Data
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=pm1 pm2
pm3 pm4 pm5 pm6 pm7
pm9 pm10 pm11 pm12
pm13 pm14 pm15 pm17
pm18 pm8rev pm16r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
Case Processing Summary
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.824
N of Items
18
Item Statistics
pm1
pm2
pm3
pm4
pm5
pm6
pm7
pm9
pm10
pm11
pm12
pm13
pm14
pm15
pm17
pm18
pm8rev
pm16r
Mean
2.0000
2.5600
3.0400
3.1600
2.3600
2.3600
1.9600
2.4000
1.6000
1.9600
2.0000
2.2000
1.6800
2.3200
2.9200
1.9200
2.4000
2.8800
Std. Deviation
1.11803
.91652
1.01980
.89815
.99499
.99499
1.05987
.86603
.81650
1.05987
1.11803
.95743
.85245
.94516
.95394
1.03763
1.22474
1.01325
N
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
pm1
pm2
pm3
pm4
pm5
pm6
pm7
pm9
pm10
pm11
pm12
pm13
pm14
pm15
pm17
pm18
pm8rev
pm16r
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
39.7200
70.627
39.1600
72.807
38.6800
76.727
38.5600
75.673
39.3600
70.323
39.3600
74.657
39.7600
77.940
39.3200
70.143
40.1200
73.943
39.7600
66.523
39.7200
72.960
39.5200
71.677
40.0400
74.873
39.4000
73.250
38.8000
74.167
39.8000
72.583
39.3200
70.060
38.8400
70.307
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.470
.452
.165
.271
.563
.294
.088
.677
.434
.756
.340
.501
.346
.406
.343
.399
.446
.552
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.812
.814
.829
.823
.807
.822
.834
.803
.815
.795
.820
.811
.819
.816
.819
.817
.814
.808
Scale Statistics
Mean
41.7200
Variance
80.710
Std. Deviation
8.98387
N of Items
18
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=pm1 pm2 pm3 pm4 pm5 pm6 pm9 pm10 pm11 pm12 pm13 pm14 pm15
pm17 pm18 pm8rev pm16r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
Missing Value Handling
Syntax
Resources
14-MAR-2019 13:01:47
Data
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=pm1 pm2
pm3 pm4 pm5 pm6 pm9
pm10 pm11 pm12 pm13
pm14 pm15 pm17 pm18
pm8rev pm16r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.834
N of Items
17
Item Statistics
pm1
pm2
pm3
pm4
pm5
pm6
pm9
pm10
pm11
pm12
pm13
pm14
pm15
pm17
pm18
pm8rev
pm16r
Mean
2.0000
2.5600
3.0400
3.1600
2.3600
2.3600
2.4000
1.6000
1.9600
2.0000
2.2000
1.6800
2.3200
2.9200
1.9200
2.4000
2.8800
Std. Deviation
1.11803
.91652
1.01980
.89815
.99499
.99499
.86603
.81650
1.05987
1.11803
.95743
.85245
.94516
.95394
1.03763
1.22474
1.01325
N
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
pm1
pm2
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
37.7600
67.440
37.2000
70.083
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.504
.457
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.821
.824
pm3
pm4
pm5
pm6
pm9
pm10
pm11
pm12
pm13
pm14
pm15
pm17
pm18
pm8rev
pm16r
36.7200
36.6000
37.4000
37.4000
37.3600
38.1600
37.8000
37.7600
37.5600
38.0800
37.4400
36.8400
37.8400
37.3600
36.8800
74.543
72.333
68.083
72.167
67.490
71.057
63.917
70.023
69.423
71.493
71.173
71.807
69.640
67.657
67.527
.134
.314
.540
.283
.682
.452
.761
.356
.476
.397
.368
.323
.417
.436
.564
.842
.831
.820
.834
.814
.825
.806
.830
.823
.828
.829
.831
.826
.826
.818
Scale Statistics
Mean
39.7600
Variance
77.940
Std. Deviation
8.82836
N of Items
17
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=pm1 pm2 pm4 pm5 pm6 pm9 pm10 pm11 pm12 pm13 pm14 pm15 pm17
pm18 pm8rev pm16r
/SCALE(‘ALL VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
14-MAR-2019 13:02:25
Data
Active Dataset
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
DataSet5
Missing Value Handling
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
Cases Used
Syntax
Resources
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
N
Cases
Valid
Excludeda
Total
%
25
1
26
96.2
3.8
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
26
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Statistics are based on all
cases with valid data for all
variables in the procedure.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=pm1 pm2
pm4 pm5 pm6 pm9 pm10
pm11 pm12 pm13 pm14
pm15 pm17 pm18 pm8rev
pm16r
/SCALE(‘ALL
VARIABLES’) ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTI
VE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach’s
Alpha
.842
N of Items
16
Item Statistics
pm1
pm2
pm4
pm5
pm6
pm9
pm10
pm11
pm12
pm13
pm14
pm15
pm17
pm18
pm8rev
pm16r
Mean
2.0000
2.5600
3.1600
2.3600
2.3600
2.4000
1.6000
1.9600
2.0000
2.2000
1.6800
2.3200
2.9200
1.9200
2.4000
2.8800
Std. Deviation
1.11803
.91652
.89815
.99499
.99499
.86603
.81650
1.05987
1.11803
.95743
.85245
.94516
.95394
1.03763
1.22474
1.01325
N
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Item-Total Statistics
pm1
pm2
pm4
pm5
pm6
pm9
pm10
pm11
pm12
pm13
Scale Mean if Scale Variance
Item Deleted
if Item Deleted
34.7200
64.377
34.1600
66.807
33.5600
69.423
34.3600
65.157
34.3600
68.907
34.3200
64.643
35.1200
67.443
34.7600
60.690
34.7200
66.627
34.5200
66.093
Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation
.497
.460
.288
.523
.281
.657
.480
.771
.365
.484
Cronbach’s
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.831
.833
.841
.829
.842
.823
.832
.814
.839
.832
pm14
pm15
pm17
pm18
pm8rev
pm16r
35.0400
34.4000
33.8000
34.8000
34.3200
33.8400
68.373
67.417
67.917
66.000
64.477
64.973
.386
.402
.364
.443
.436
.523
.837
.836
.838
.834
.835
.829
Scale Statistics
Mean
36.7200
Variance
74.543
Std. Deviation
8.63385
N of Items
16
COMPUTE amtotalscore=am1 + am2 + am3 + am4 + am6 + am7 + am10 + am12 +
am13 + am15 + am9r + am13r.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE PMtotalscore=pm1 + pm2 + pm4 + pm5 + pm6 + pm8rev + pm9 + pm10 +
pm11 + pm12 + pm13 + pm14
+ pm15 + pm16r + pm17 + pm18.
EXECUTE.
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=amtotalscore PMtotalscore sastotal
/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Correlations
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input
14-MAR-2019 13:12:20
Data
/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cell
phone.sav
Active Dataset
DataSet5
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working Data
26
File
Missing Value Handling
Definition of Missing
User-defined missing
values are treated as
missing.
Statistics for each pair of
variables are based on all
the cases with valid data for
that pair.
CORRELATIONS
Cases Used
Syntax
Resources
/VARIABLES=amtotalscore
PMtotalscore sastotal
/PRINT=TWOTAIL
NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
00:00:00.01
00:00:00.00
Processor Time
Elapsed Time
Correlations
amtotalscore
PMtotalscore
sastotal
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
amtotalscore
1
25
.631**
.001
24
-.643**
.002
21
PMtotalscore
.631**
.001
24
1
25
-.666**
.001
21
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
DATASET ACTIVATE DataSet5.
SAVE OUTFILE=’/Users/ejaeger/Desktop/cellphone.sav’
/COMPRESSED.
sastotal
-.643**
.002
21
-.666**
.001
21
1
22
WRITING A RESULTS
SECTION
IN APA FORMAT
Senior Seminar SSC 498
Spring 2018
What goes in here?
◦ Describes information related to statistical analyses – NOTHING ELSE!
◦ No interpretation of results.
◦ But flow of presentation of results can help build the story that started in the Introduction (e.g.
The results support the hypothesis that XX is negatively related to XX.)
◦ Results section should be thought of as both the narrative and the tables/figures it
includes
◦ They should complement one another; not duplicate
◦ E.g. As can be seen in Table 1, …..
◦ Tables are preferred when there are a lot of data
The Results
◦ Begin with a presentation of the results of the descriptive analyses
◦ Help set an important context for interpreting the results
◦ Restriction of range
◦ Describe any analyses and corrections you did for outliers or violations of assumptions
◦ For continuous variables, present means, standard deviations and also 95% confidence intervals
◦ For categorical variables, present frequencies (by category and cumulative if ordinal data)
◦ Then report results of inferential statistics (tests of hypotheses)
◦ For a lab paper, you can state: “A BLANK test was computed to determine if there was a
relationship between XX and XX.”. The results revealed that XX was (significantly related
to/unrelated to) XX, statistics.
◦ Present the test statistic, the df, the exact p value (unless SPSS says .000 then p < .001), and the
effect size. (sometimes also have confidence interval of the test statistic).
Format
◦ The word “Results” should be centered on page. Do NOT add extra spaces between
Method section and Results section.
◦ Statistical characters are presented in italics (e.g. M, t, r) as is the p for probability value
(e.g. p = 031). See pages 119-122 for symbols.
◦ Note Greek letters – often denoting the value of something in the population (parameter versus
a statistic) – are NOT italicized.
◦ Find the Greek letters in the insert “equations” section in PPT and Word
Format
◦ When you reference a test in the narrative though, use the word - not the symbol.
Means were XX rather than M’s were
◦ Make sure you have appropriate spacing
◦ E.g WRONG p=.031 CORRECT p ...
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