I need to answer problem 8.4 from chapters (8) of the attached textbook. The answer has to reflect CHAPER 8 in the book AND NOT just copy and paste. PLEASE use the spellcheck and grammar check before submitting the work.The problem is:8.4 Under the subsection Program Risks, five examples are listed of conditions that may result in a significant probability of program failure. For each example, explain briefly what consequences of the condition may lead to a program failure.
systems_engineering_textbook.pdf
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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICE
SECOND EDITION
Alexander Kossiakoff
William N. Sweet
Samuel J. Seymour
Steven M. Biemer
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION
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SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICE
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WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
AND MANAGEMENT
Andrew P. Sage, Editor
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICE
SECOND EDITION
Alexander Kossiakoff
William N. Sweet
Samuel J. Seymour
Steven M. Biemer
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION
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Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as
permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee
to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400,
fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken,
NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable
for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor
author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to
special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our
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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at
www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Systems engineering : principles and practice/Alexander Kossiakoff … [et al.].—2nd ed.
p. cm.—(Wiley series in systems engineering and management; 67)
Rev. ed. of: Systems engineering: principles and practices/Alexander
Kossiakoff, William N. Sweet. 2003.
ISBN 978-0-470-40548-2 (hardback)
1. Systems engineering. I. Kossiakoff, Alexander, 1945– II. Title.
TA168.K68 2010
620.001′171–dc22
2010036856
Printed in the United States of America
oBook ISBN: 9781118001028
ePDF ISBN: 9781118001011
ePub ISBN: 9781118009031
10
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8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
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To Alexander Kossiakoff,
who never took “no” for an answer and refused to believe that anything was
impossible. He was an extraordinary problem solver, instructor, mentor, and
friend.
Samuel J. Seymour
Steven M. Biemer
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
xvii
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
xix
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
PART I
1
2
xxiii
FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
1
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN
SYSTEMS
1.1 What Is Systems Engineering?
1.2 Origins of Systems Engineering
1.3 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering
1.4 Systems Engineering as a Profession
1.5 Systems Engineer Career Development Model
1.6 The Power of Systems Engineering
1.7 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
3
3
5
10
12
18
21
23
25
26
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LANDSCAPE
2.1 Systems Engineering Viewpoint
2.2 Perspectives of Systems Engineering
2.3 Systems Domains
2.4 Systems Engineering Fields
2.5 Systems Engineerng Approaches
2.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products
2.7 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
27
27
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
vii
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viii
CONTENTS
3
STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS
3.1 System Building Blocks and Interfaces
3.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems
3.3 System Building Blocks
3.4 The System Environment
3.5 Interfaces and Interactions
3.6 Complexity in Modern Systems
3.7 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
4
THE
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
5.1 Managing System Development and Risks
5.2 WBS
5.3 SEMP
5.4 Risk Management
5.5 Organization of Systems Engineering
5.6 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
PART II
6
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Systems Engineering through the System Life Cycle
System Life Cycle
Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process
The Systems Engineering Method
Testing throughout System Development
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE
NEEDS ANALYSIS
6.1 Originating a New System
6.2 Operations Analysis
6.3 Functional Analysis
6.4 Feasibility Definition
41
41
42
45
51
58
60
64
66
67
69
69
70
82
87
103
106
108
109
111
111
113
117
120
128
132
133
134
137
139
139
146
151
153
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ix
CONTENTS
6.5
6.6
6.7
Needs Validation
System Operational Requirements
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
155
158
162
163
164
7
CONCEPT EXPLORATION
7.1 Developing the System Requirements
7.2 Operational Requirements Analysis
7.3 Performance Requirements Formulation
7.4 Implementation of Concept Exploration
7.5 Performance Requirements Validation
7.6 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
165
165
170
178
185
189
191
193
194
8
CONCEPT DEFINITION
8.1 Selecting the System Concept
8.2 Performance Requirements Analysis
8.3 Functional Analysis and Formulation
8.4 Functional Allocation
8.5 Concept Selection
8.6 Concept Validation
8.7 System Development Planning
8.8 Systems Architecting
8.9 System Modeling Languages: Unified Modeling Language
(UML) and Systems Modeling Language (SysML)
8.10 Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)
8.11 System Functional Specifications
8.12 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
197
197
201
206
212
214
217
219
222
DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT
9.1 Decision Making
9.2 Modeling throughout System Development
9.3 Modeling for Decisions
9.4 Simulation
255
256
262
263
272
9
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243
246
247
250
252
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x
CONTENTS
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
PART III
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Trade-Off Analysis
Review of Probability
Evaluation Methods
Summary
Problems
Further Reading
282
295
299
308
311
312
ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT STAGE
315
10
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT
10.1 Reducing Program Risks
10.2 Requirements Analysis
10.3 Functional Analysis and Design
10.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique
10.5 Development Testing
10.6 Risk Reduction
10.7 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
317
317
322
327
333
340
349
350
352
354
11
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
11.1 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction
11.2 Nature of Software Development
11.3 Software Development Life Cycle Models
11.4 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design
11.5 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test
11.6 Software Integration and Test
11.7 Software Engineering Management
11.8 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
355
356
360
365
373
385
393
396
402
405
406
12
ENGINEERING DESIGN
12.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks
12.2 Requirements Analysis
12.3 Functional Analysis and Design
12.4 Component Design
12.5 Design Validation
409
409
414
416
419
432
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xi
CONTENTS
13
12.6 CM
12.7 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
436
439
441
442
INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION
13.1 Integrating, Testing, and Evaluating the Total System
13.2 Test Planning and Preparation
13.3 System Integration
13.4 Developmental System Testing
13.5 Operational Test and Evaluation
13.6 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
443
443
450
455
462
467
475
478
478
PART IV
481
14
PRODUCTION
14.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory
14.2 Engineering for Production
14.3 Transition from Development to Production
14.4 Production Operations
14.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base
14.6 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
483
483
485
489
492
497
500
502
503
15
OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT
15.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System
15.2 Installation and Test
15.3 In-Service Support
15.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization
15.5 Operational Factors in System Development
15.6 Summary
Problems
Further Reading
505
505
507
512
516
520
522
523
524
INDEX
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POSTDEVELOPMENT STAGE
525
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1
1.2a
1.2b
1.3a
1.3b
1.4
2.1a
2.1b
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
Career opportunities and growth
Technical orientation phase diagram
Technical orientation population density distribution
Systems engineering (SE) career elements derived from quality work
experiences
Components of employer development of systems engineers
“T” model for systems engineer career development
Performance versus cost
Performance/cost versus cost
The ideal missile design from the viewpoint of various specialists
The dimensions of design, systems engineering, and project planning
and control
Systems engineering domains
Examples of systems engineering fields
Examples of systems engineering approaches
Life cycle systems engineering view
Knowledge domains of systems engineer and design specialist
Context diagram
Context diagram for an automobile
Environments of a passenger airliner
Functional interactions and physical interfaces
Pyramid of system hierarchy
DoD system life cycle model
System life cycle model
Principal stages in system life cycle
Concept development phases of system life cycle
Engineering development phases in system life cycle
Principal participants in a typical aerospace system development
DoD MIL-STD499B
IEEE-1220 systems engineering process
EIA-632 systems engineering process
14
16
16
19
19
20
29
29
31
32
34
35
36
37
45
53
54
56
59
63
71
72
75
76
78
86
90
90
91
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4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18a
8.18b
8.19
8.20
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ISO-15288 Systems engineering process
Systems engineering method top-level flow diagram
Systems engineering method flow diagram
Spiral model of the defense system life cycle
Systems engineering as a part of project management
Place of SEMP in program management plans
Variation of program risk and effort throughout system development
Example of a risk mitigation waterfall chart
An example of a risk cube display
Needs analysis phase in the system life cycle
Needs analysis phase flow diagram
Objectives tree structure
Example objectives tree for an automobile
Analysis pyramid
Concept exploration phase in system life cycle
Concept exploration phase flow diagram
Simple requirements development process
Triumvirate of conceptual design
Hierarchy of scenarios
Function category versus functional media
Concept definition phase in system life cycle
Concept definition phase flow diagram
IDEF0 functional model structure
Functional block diagram of a standard coffeemaker
Traditional view of architecture
DODAF version 2.0 viewpoints
UML models
Use case diagram
UML activity diagram
UML sequence diagram
Example of a class association
Example of a class generalization association
Class diagram of the library check-out system
SysML models
SysML requirements diagram
SysML block definition
SysML block associations
SysML functional hierarchy tree
SysML activity diagram
Baker ’s MDSD subprocesses
Baker ’s information model for MDSD
Basic decision-making process
Traditional hierarchical block diagram
Context diagram of a passenger aircraft
Air defense functional flow block diagram
92
92
94
104
112
118
121
122
124
140
147
150
151
156
166
170
171
175
177
181
198
202
208
210
223
227
229
231
233
234
235
236
237
237
238
240
241
242
242
244
244
256
265
266
267
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
10.1
10.2
10.3
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
12.1
12.2
12.3
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6a
13.6b
13.7
14.1
14.2
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System effectiveness simulation
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation
Virtual reality simulation
Candidate utility functions
Criteria profile
Union of two events
Conditional events
AHP example
AHP results
Decision tree example
Decision path
Decision tree solved
Utility function
Decision tree solved with a utility function
Example of cost-effectiveness integration
QFD house of quality
Advanced development phase in system life cycle
Advanced development phase flow diagram
Test and evaluation process of a system element
IEEE software systems engineering process
Software hierarchy
Notional 3-tier architecture
Classical waterfall software development cycle
Software incremental model
Spiral model
State transition diagram in concurrent development model
User needs, software requirements and specifications
Software generation process
Principles of modular partitioning
Functional flow block diagram example
Data flow diagram: library checkout
Robustness diagram: library checkout
Engineering design phase in system life cycle
Engineering design phase in relation to integration and evaluation
Engineering design phase flow diagram
Integration and evaluation phase in system life cycle
Integration and evaluation phase in relation to engineering design
System test and evaluation team
System element test configuration
Subsystems test configuration
Operation of a passenger airliner
Operational testing of an airliner
Test realism versus cost
Production phase in system life cycle
Production phase overlap with adjacent phases
xv
275
277
280
289
290
297
297
300
301
302
302
303
304
304
305
307
318
321
345
357
359
359
367
369
370
371
376
376
379
381
381
384
410
411
413
445
445
446
456
459
469
469
471
484
485
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14.3
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Production operation system
Operations and support phase in system life cycle
System operations history
Non-disruptive installation via simulation
Non-disruptive installation via a duplicate system
494
506
507
510
511
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.1
7.1
8.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
11.1
Examples of Engineered Complex Systems: Signal and Data Systems
Examples of Engineered Complex Systems: Material and Energy
Systems
Comparison of Systems Perspectives
Systems Engineering Activities and Documents
System Design Hierarchy
System Functional Elements
Component Design Elements
Examples of Interface Elements
Evolution of System Materialization through the System Life Cycle
Evolution of System Representation
Systems Engineering Method over Life Cycle
System Product WBS Partial Breakdown Structure
Risk Likelihood
Risk Criticality
Sample Risk Plan Worksheet
Status of System Materialization at the Needs Analysis Phase
Status of System Materialization of the Concept Exploration Phase
Status of System Materialization of Concept Definition Phase
Use Case Example—“Check-out Book”
Decision Framework
Simon’s Decision Process
Weighted Sum Integration of Selection Criteria
Weighted Sum of Actual Measurement
Weighted Sum of Utility Scores
Trade-Off Matrix Example
Status of System Materialization at the Advanced Development Phase
Development of New Components
Selected Critical Characteristics of System Functional Elements
Some Examples of Special Materials
Software Types
11
11
33
38
43
47
49
60
84
88
102
114
125
125
128
143
168
200
232
259
261
288
289
290
293
320
326
329
335
361
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11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
12.1
12.2
13.1
13.2
13.3
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LIST OF TABLES
Categories of Software-Dominated Systems
Differences between Hardware and Software
Systems Engineering Life Cycle and the Waterfall Model
Commonly Used Computer Languages
Some Special-Purpose Computer Languages
Characteristics of Prototypes
Comparison of Computer Interface Modes
Capability Levels
Maturity Levels
Status of System Materialization at the Engineering Design Phase
Configuration Baselines
Status of System Materialization at the Integration and Evaluation
Phase
System Integration and Evaluation Process
Parallels between System Development and Test and Evaluation
(T&E) Planning
362
364
368
387
388
390
391
398
399
412
437
448
449
451
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND
EDITION
It is an incredible honor and privilege to follow in the footsteps of an individual who
had a profound influence on the course of history and the field of systems engineering.
Since publication of the first edition of this book, the field of systems engineering has
seen significant advances, including a significant increase in recognition of the discipline, as measured by the number of conferences, symposia, journals, articles, and
books available on this crucial subject. Clearly, the field has reached a high level of
maturity and is destined for continued growth. Unfortunately, the field has also seen
some sorrowful losses, including one of the original authors, Alexander Kossiakoff,
who passed away just 2 years after the publication of the book. His vision, innovation,
excitement, and perseverance were contagious to all who worked with him and he is
missed by the community. Fortunately, his vision remains and continues to be the
driving force behind this book. It is with great pride that we dedicate this second edition
to the enduring legacy of Alexander Ivanovitch Kossiakoff.
ALEXANDER KOSSIAKOFF, 1914–2005
Alexander Kossiakoff, known to so many as “Kossy,” gave shape and direction to the
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory as its director from 1969 to
1980. His work helped defend our nation, enhance the capabilities of our military,
pushed technology in new and exciting directions, and bring successive new generations to an understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities of systems engineering. In 1980, recognizing the need to improve the training and education of technical
professionals, he started the master of science degree program at Johns Hopkins
University in Technical Management and later expanded it to Systems Engineering,
one of the first programs of its kind.
Today, the systems engineering program he founded is the largest part-time graduate program in the United States, with students enrolled from around the world in
classroom, distance, and organizational partnership venues; it continues to evolve as
the field expands and teaching venues embrace new technologies, setting the standard
for graduate programs in systems engineering. The first edition of the book is the foundational systems engineering textbook for colleges and universities worldwide.
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xx
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
OBJECTIVES OF THE SECOND EDITION
Traditional engineering disciplines do not provide the training, education, and experience necessary to ensure …
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