Perform literature search of various TMS cooling methods about 2017 Tesla model 3 and list the citations and references (one patent and two journal articles) two pages. extra information about the car are attached. preferably the citations mentions the Tesla.
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1. Comparison Table : Internal Combustion Engine ( ICE) and Battery Electric
Vehicle (BEV).
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vs. Battery
Electric Vehicle (BEV)
Year & Model
Engine type,
volume, weight
Energy
Storage
System
Engine Control
System
ICE 1
BEV 1
2018 JEEP
Compass
Limited
2017
Tesla
model 3
Regular
Unleaded I-4,
2.4L,
Electric
(permane
nt magnet
switched
reluctance
)
N/A
Lithium
battery
pack +
charger
AC-DC
Alternator
and fuel
injection
Sequential
MPI
Inverter
DC-AC &
Algorithm
of motor
control
drive
Total Weight
(1200-1800kg)
3,633 lb
1648 kg
3814 lbs
1730 kg
Dimensions: L
x W x H (m)
4.4 x 1.87 x
1.651 (m)
4.699,
1.8542,
1.4478
Max Power
(75-150kW,
hp)
180 hp
271 hp
Max. Torque
(N-m, ft-lbs)
175 ft-lbs
237.268N-m
471 lb⋅ft
(639 N⋅m)
0 -60 mph
acceleration
(sec)
10.5 sec
5.6s
Max speed
(m/s, mph)
53m/s
130.49mph
130mph
Transmission
& Gearbox
9-Speed
Automatic
Transmission
1-speed
direct drive
Fuel tank
capacity (liter,
gal)
13.5 gal
N/A
Battery
capacity (kWh)
N/A
50 to 75
KWh
Size & energy
(W-h) per cell
Range per
tank or full
charge
Charging time
(h)
N/A
Full charge:
418 mi
(highway)
297 mi (city)
2170size
lithiumion cells
Full
charged
325 miles
N/A
12h at
220v
$50 per
1000km
604e6 J
per
1000km
$16.8 per
1000km
MPG or MPGe
20/30
(city/highway
)
City 131
Highway
120
Combine
d 126
Price after
Rebate/Tax
Credits
$35,000
$44,000
GTW or BTW
Efficiency (%)
16%
90%
Emission CO2
(kg per
1000km)
185
0%
Cost (energy)
per 1000 km
Heating and
Cooling
System
Air and
Liquid
Liquid
Engine/Battery
TMS
Engine
temp. From
-20 F to
200F
Battery
temperat
ure:
-22F (30C) to
140F
(60C)
Maintenance
Every 4000
miles or
every 6
months
every 12
months or
12,500
miles
TEI (Transport
Energy Index)
City(20)
0.231
0.036
Energy equivalent: 1 gal of gasoline = 33.4 kWh = 1.20 x 108 J
————
MPG: Miles per Gallon; MPGe: Miles
per Gallon equivalent;
————
GTW: Gasoline-to-Wheel; BTW:
Battery-to-Wheel
————
HEXs: Heat Exchangers, condenser, evaporator, air-to-liquid, liquidto-liquid, etc.
————
PCM: Phase Change Material
(thermomechanical properties)
————
TIM: Thermal Interface Material
(grease, paste, etc.)
————
TMS: Thermal Management
(temperature control) System
————
TEI = Energy / (Weight x Distance),
Dimensionless
————
Cost of 1 gal gas = $ 2.75 ; cost of 1
kW-h electricity = $0.10
————
2. Select one BEV and provide the detailed information regarding its Thermal
Management Cooling System (TMS).
A. Schematics: Based on our choice all the schematics is for Tesla
Model 3 2017
Figure 1: Tesla model 3 battery distribution
Figure 2: Comparison between batteries for model X and model 3
Figure 3: Thermal management system in Tesla model 3
Figur
e 4: Cooling system in Tesla model 3
Figure 5: Coolant system in Tesla model 3
B. Battery cell: Tesla Model 3 2017
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The battery shape of tesla model 3 is cylindrical.
Battery used in Tesla model 3 is lithium ion with 350 V.
The battery capacity 75 kWh
Energy capacity from 5750 to 6000 mAh
Dimension of battery cell in model 3 is 21 mm in diameter and 70mm long.
For the standard battery pack 50 kWh is made of 2170 cells each 31 cell in a
brick.
The brick divided into 4 separate modules, specifically (2 modules of 23 bricks
and 2 modules of 25 bricks).
The total weight of the four modules is around 1054 lbs (478 kg).
Weight is 70 grams, volume 970 mm^2 and density 247 Wh/kg.
The battery range 220 mi (350 km) for 50 kWh and 310 mi (500 km) for 75 kWh.
The 2170 battery cell agranged in 22 parallel and 10 series.
C. Thermal Circuit:
Tesla has updated the surface area contact area by making the lines above
more in touch with the cells.
We have to use the circuit above to draw a resistance circuit
Since tesla has a liquid system, there is a file in canvas called liquid
cooling system. There is more files at the bottom of canvas as well.
D. Cooling Fluids: Mohammad
Glycol coolant
The
seven
bandoleros are then connected in parallel, resulting in better cooling , also each bandoleros
pass only cools 164 cells.
The glycol go in to the tube absorb the heat from the cells and go out on the other side
of the tube. Their is high heat transfer between the cells and the cooling ribbon because
the cells are glued directly to the cooling ribbon and the cooling ribbon spans a greater
percentage of the cells’ height
E. Special Materials and Interfaces:
Thermal interface materials works to protects batteries from overheating by dissipating
heat quickly and efficiently. The material interfaces is not required in all electric vehicle such as
Tesla, however there are different brands that include interfaces materials in their systems.
Tesla model 3 does not include any special materials in the battery cell system, while the
battery that tesla used is a combination of lithium, nickel, cobalt and aluminum oxide. Glycol
used as a coolant liquid to cool down the batteries cell in Tesla model 3 which could be
considered as interface material while the gap between the batteries cell is too small.
F. Special Heat Transfer Devices:
1. Main coolant radiator. Does not have a fan apparently. When vehicle is in
motion air passes through the fins cooling the liquid. Coolant enters from the right side.
2. Coolant heater. Apparently is rated for 6kW. Runs on high voltage. If
activated, coolant will be heated up. This is used to heat the Battery fast.
3. Drivetrain. Coolant enters the motor. Circulates in the stator. Also circulates in
inverter (power electronics) and then exits (with temperature value shown).
Transmission (reduction gear and differential) doesn’t require cooling though it gets
some heat as it is between warm motor and inverter. Which raises the temperature of
the oil and makes vehicle slightly more efficient. Also rotor temperature is shown (most
likely calculated estimation) and Inverter electronics temperature (PCB).
4. AC condenser. Required to cool down refrigerant.
5 Electric Air Conditioner Compressor. Runs on high voltage. It is used for
two purposes. To cool the air or to cool the glycol loop
6 Refrigerant-coolant heat exchanger.cools glycol coolant passing through it.
7 Cabin air evaporator. Radiator inside HVAC system that cools the air that
passes through
G.Flow rate, pressure drop, fan/pump/ compressor/ actuator power:
12V coolant pump. This pump is required to keep second loop of coolant flowing
Compressor. Tesla cars use a compressor that is “similar to the one in a domestic
fridge,” except, it works off 400 volts. It sits at the front of the car and draws power from
the car’s battery pack or Energy Storage System
Electric Air Conditioner Compressor. Runs on high voltage. It is used for two
purposes. To cool the air or to cool the glycol loop
3. Perform Literature Search:
●
Websites
To introduce the thermal management system which depends on the battery
cell’s life. So, the concept of relating the thermal management system to the battery cell
such that Tesla model 3 with higher charging power with shorter recharging time the
TMS have the importance of rejecting a huge amount of heat. Therefore, to achieve
good thermal management system Tesla performed battery cell with high charging
level. In addition, there are different factors need to be in mind for better batter TMS
such as simplicity, cost and ability to reject heat. For example, Tesla uses liquid Glycol
as a coolant in its thermal management system. To be specific, in cold weather tesla’s
systems use electric resistance heating and transfer heat to refrigeration cycle. Then,
the coolant liquid is distributed through the battery pack to cool down the battery cells.
It’s challenging to cool down the battery cells in the pack; however, Tesla has created
an efficient design to disturbed the coolant liquid equally. The design is a ribbon-shaped
metallic cooling tube which is included in the battery pack. Tesla’s super charges at 120
kW and they continue to have 150 kW in the future.
https://insideevs.com/tesla-or-gm-who-has-the-best-battery-thermal-managementbower/
A good thermal management system required large batteries to store energy.
Nowadays, there are 3 battery thermal management method used such as convection
to air either passively or forced. Another method to cool the battery by flooding with a
dielectric oil and then it pumped out to a heat exchanger system. The last method is
cooling by circulation of water the coolant liquid is passed through the battery structure.
According to Imperial University studies show that not only temperature is affecting cells
performance and lifetime but also cooling method. The thermal management system is
responsible for cooling battery cells and prevent an increase in temperature between
the layers of the cell in the system. So, the TMS in Tesla its contains patented
serpentine cooling pipe that goes through the batteries packs which carry the flow of
coolant liquid which is glycol. The advantages of that it will remove heat from the side of
the battery cells instead of the tabs.
https://avidtp.com/what-is-the-best-cooling-system-for-electric-vehicle-batterypacks/
Perform literature search of various TMS cooling methods about 2017 Tesla model 3 and list
the citations and references (one patent and two journal articles)
References
https://evannex.com/blogs/news/tesla-s-battery-pack-is-both-mysterious-and-alluringwork-in-progress
https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/06/tesla-model-3-will-have-half-battery.html
https://insideevs.com/tesla-model-3-battery-cooling-track-mode/
https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/tesla-thermal-management-systemexplanation.88055/
https://evannex.com/blogs/news/tesla-s-new-2170-cell-packs-more-power
…
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